辐射的

The ratio of the intensity of black body radiation at four wavelengths was calculated by the blackbody radiation law.

本文从黑体辐射定律出发，计算了物体辐射谱在四个不同波长处辐射强度的比率。

The synchrotron radiation light source used in LIGA technique for deep lithography is becoming more and more important because of its unique qualities-(1) high brightness, usually being 10〓~10〓 times of common X-ray light source;(2) good collimate, the angle of divergence of synchrotron radiation light source could be compared with that of laser light source.

由于同步辐射光源具有（1）亮度高，比一般X射线源高10〓~10〓倍，（2）准直性好，辐射张角可以与激光相比的特点，因而，利用同步辐射光源作为LIGA技术中深度光刻光源正日益受到重视。

It is not only quite meaningful for the radiation-induced demagnetization of permanent magnets but also for the health physics and radiation physics problems.

对此复杂的辐射场进行研究，不仅对于永久磁铁的辐射退磁效应而且对于高能电子加速器的辐射防护及辐射物理问题，都具有十分重要的意义。

Dosimeters should be placed throughout a minimum of three loaded irradiation containers which are passed through the irradiator, surrounded by similar containers or dummy products.

辐射 量测定器在至少三个装载辐射容器内放置，辐射容器应通过辐照器且被类似容器或假的产品所围绕。

UV-B radiation induced significant changes in the chemical composition of root, stem, and leaf. Under UV-B radiation, the soluble protein, lignin, and fat contents in leaf, lignin content in root, and cellulose and lignin contents in stem were increased, while the starch content in leaf and the soluble sugar, starch, and fat contents in stem were decreased significantly (P.05), compared with the control.

UV-B辐射处理下根、茎、叶部所检测的大多数化学成分与对照相比均有显著变化：叶片中可溶性蛋白、木质素和脂肪，根中木质素，茎中纤维素、木质素含量在辐射处理下显著高于对照；叶片中淀粉，茎中可溶性糖、淀粉和脂肪含量在辐射处理下显著低于对照(P.05)。

The result shows that average background radiation can not be deduced by using mean value theorem in visible light band.

通过计算可以表明，在可见波段，平均辐射不能用中值定理来推导，因而不能用天顶角为45度或135度的天地背景辐射来代替平均背景辐射。

So the technique of uncooled microbolometer infrared imaging has become one of the main points from now on. In the paper uncooled microbolometer infrared imaging system is studied from focal plane character, image dealing and application. The details are in the following: On uncooled microbolometer infrared focal plane aspect: first, the work principle of microbolometer, manufacturing technology of microbolometer infrared focal plane, temperature balance equation of microbolometer detector are analyzed. The performance of microbolometer detector is predicted by model. Second, the infrared focal plane is the core of infrared system, whose quality can determine the performance of the system. It is the precondition that the high quality of every detective unit maintains the qualification of the focal plane. The even degree of detective units has great influence on imaging characters if the other characters of detective units are normal.

本文以非致冷微测辐射热计红外成像系统为对象，从焦平面特性、图像处理和红外系统应用方面展开分析、研究，具体内容如下；在微测辐射热计红外焦平面方面，首先分析了微测辐射热计的工作原理、微测辐射热计红外焦平面的工艺制作、微测辐射热计探测单元的温度平衡方程，根据有关参数对其特性进行建模预测；其次，红外焦平面是红外系统的核心，它的质量的好坏直接决定系统性能，因此保证其各探测单元的高性能是维护焦平面品质的前提，在探测单元其它特性正常的情况下，各探测单元之间特性的均匀程度对系统成像性能有极大影响，为此本文提出自适应滤波多项式焦平面非均匀性校正算法从软件角度解决焦平面的固有的噪声问题。

Radiation with different wavelength is emitted because of reciprocity of coronal mass ejections with corona and interplanetary medium.

分析结果表明，其射电辐射机制主要是轫致辐射、微量的回旋辐射和更加微弱的复合辐射。此外，分析讨论了1999年2月至1999年8月期间与CME共生的太阳微波爆发。

Firstly, we research the Vlasov antenna with reflector mainly. A new method to calculate the radiation of the antenna is founded with Vectorial Theory of Diffraction, and the corresponding program is made. The reflective characters of Vlasov antenna are studied with Moment Methods, and the results show that the total reflected energy is less than 0.25%. The radiation patterns of the antenna are analyzed, and the formulas to estimate the wave beam parameters and to design the antenna are provided. The feasibility of radiating high-order modes by Vlasov antenna is also discussed and verified. The hermetization of the Vlasov antenna is researched and the results show that with such kinds of hermetization the antenna can work under gigawatt level. The design of the mode converter from TEM to TMoi is studied, which is useful when the TEM coaxial mode is radiated by Vlasov antenna. At last, the flared-end Vlasov antenna is also discussed.

在Vlasov天线方面：用矢量绕射理论建立了天线辐射场的计算模型并编写了计算程序，该程序计算结果在主瓣上与实验测量吻合良好，近旁瓣也基本一致；利用矩量法计算了天线的反射系数，表明该天线有较小的反射，总的能量反射小于0.25％；详细分析了天线的辐射特性，给出了天线辐射波束相关参数的估算公式和天线设计公式；进一步研究和论证了Vlasov天线辐射高阶轴对称模的可行性；对天线的密封方式和功率容量进行了讨论，结果表明在不需很大密封罩的情况下可以获得GW级的功率容量；为了用Vlasov天线辐射同轴TEM模，研究了TEM-TM_(01)模式转换器的设计，得到了一些基本规律；最后，介绍和分析了带有锥形喇叭的Vlasov天线。

The main contents of the present paper include: 1、The mechanism of fouling accumulation and the effects of fouling and slagging on boiler performance are analyzed. The model of fouling increasing is developed on the basis of sediment rate and denudation rate. The fouling monitoring models for boiler furnace and convective sections based on heat balance, the ones for air heater based on converted pressure difference are given. The implement results show that these models can reveal the cleanliness of boiler heat transfer surface. 2、The disadvantages of the model for boiler furnace fouling and slagging monitoring based on heat balance are discussed, and the calculation of radiant heat flux is considered as the primary difficulty.

主要包括以下内容： 1、分析了锅炉受热面污染形成的机理，从灰污的沉积率和剥蚀率角度出发，推导了受热面灰污增长的基本模型，分析了灰污热阻随积灰时间和烟气流速变化的规律，并通过大量现场试验，得到了沉积常数与时间常数的取值范围； 2、针对炉膛、对流受热面和空气预热器等不同受热面的传热特性，分别建立了基于热平衡和折算压差的污染在线监测模型，经实践验证，其监测结果能够满足现场工程应用的精度要求； 3、分析了基于热平衡原理的辐射、半辐射污染监测模型的不足之处，指出了机理模型因对炉内辐射换热量计算不准确，导致对以辐射换热为主的炉膛和以半辐射半对流的屏式过热器监测效果不够理想。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。