辐射热

With the establishmentof the equivalent medium model, RTM-DRE was applied to study radiative transfer intransparent medium with scattering particles. By taking into account of absorption andscatter of particles, absorption of binder and reflection of interface, the apparent spectrumabsorption model of thermal control coatings was developed by RTM-DRE combined withMies theory. Validity, computational error and time of the model were validated andanalyzed. Furthermore, the apparent spectrum absorption characteristics of thermal controlcoatings were studied, and the influences of optical characteristics of binder and particles,volume fraction of particles, particles diameter, characteristics of interface, and incidentangle of irradiance were analyzed.

采用RTM-DRE研究热控涂层内辐射传递，结合Mie氏散射理论，考虑粒子吸收与散射、基料吸收、界面反射等因素影响，建立热控涂层表观光谱吸收率计算模型，验证计算模型的正确性，分析计算模型的计算误差与计算时间；在此基础上，通过计算热控涂层表观光谱吸收率来研究热控涂层表观光谱吸收特性，分析基料与粒子光学特性、粒子体积份额、粒径、界面反射特性、辐射能量入射角等因素的影响，初步研究空间环境因素对热控涂层表观光谱吸收特性的影响，采用系统灵敏度理论定量分析热控涂层表观光谱吸收特性变化对卫星温度的影响。

In order to study the method and its capability of the borax ceramsite concrete as the layer of accumulation of heat of floor radiant heating,the borax ceramsite concrete was used to substitute for pisolite concrete as the layer of accumulation of heat in the floor radiant heating system during the construction of Lakeside Garden Buildings in Liaohua District.

目的研究硼泥陶粒混凝土作为低温热水地板辐射供暖系统蓄热层的作法及其性能。方法辽化湖畔花园小区住宅楼工程中，用硼泥陶粒混凝土代替豆石混凝土作低温热水地板辐射供暖系统蓄热层，取暖期内对试验工程进行温度监测实验。结果试验工程混凝土试块强度平均值为27.5 MPa，合格率为100%，厚度均在允许偏差内，合格率100%；外观鉴定混凝土表面无裂缝，并根据温度监测结果画出了取暖期内每天温度随时间变化的曲线图。结论用硼泥陶粒混凝土作低温热水地板辐射供暖系统的蓄热层，与用豆石混凝土相比，减轻了建筑物自重、减缓了传热速度、增强了房间的热稳定性

Based on the radiation characteristic of air speedy object, taking into account the synthetic influence factors of the real configuration of object, sun radiation, space long-wave radiation and the environment radiation around object, a further study for the effect of scarfskin pneumatic heating up, used equivalent resistance to estimate inner heat-resource and gave prominence to the influence on scarfskin radiation caused by engine heat-scattering, a logical and effective IR imaging simulation model for airplane is presented in this paper.

从红外辐射和热传导基本定律出发，综合考虑目标实际结构、太阳辐射、天空长波辐射、气动加热及周围环境辐射等因素的影响，依据空中快速目标热辐射特性，分析气动加热对飞机蒙皮辐射的作用，运用等效热阻对内热源部分进行估算，突出发动机传热部分对飞机整体辐射产生的影响，并建立一种可靠实用的空中飞机红外成像仿真模型，仿真过程中结合对空实拍红外图像进行动态调整，目标模拟结果真实感较强。

By comparison between SMM HXRBS observation and ground observation of Hα and CaIIK lines, especially through the combined study between SMM HXRBS observation and chromospheric flare models, the results show that: in the initial stage of impulsive phase, there is a correlative relation betweem Hα line intensity and hard X-ray emission; different spike in hard X-ray flux curve represents the burst at different location; the energy taken by non-thermal electron beam is larger than the radiative loss in chromosphere; for the flare studied here, the chromospheric evapporation is explosive; if the chromosphere is in balance between electron beam bombardment and radiative loss, the column mass density at the top of chromospheric flare model can not be taken as measure from the source of electrons and then the total material between the source of electrons and the top of chromosphere can be estimated.

通过一个具体耀斑的SMM HXRBS观测结果与同时基于地面得到的Hα和CaⅡK可见光谱观测结果对比，特别是将硬x谱观测结果与色球半经验模型联立研究，结果显示出：在脉冲相上升段，硬x发射与Hα辐射之间存在对应关系；硬x线光变曲线中不同脉冲爆发分量不太可能起源于同一位置；硬x辐射所反映的高能非热电子总携带能量大于色球总辐射损失；对所研究的耀斑而言，其色球蒸发过程是爆发性的；在详细比较了非热电子色球总沉积和色球辐射损失的基础上，指出半经验模型中色球顶部柱数密度不能看成是从非热电子源度量的，从而估计了色球顶部到非热电子源之间的总物质。

Based on a computing model of floor heating residences, indoor thermal environment and heat distribution under the effect of heat charge/discharge, operation control and solar radiation has been concluded. Concept and formula of equivalent heat supply has been put forward which indicate that actual heat supply will be equal to the sum of design heat supply and equivalent heat supply. Recommend coefficient has been given taken Dalian as an example. Computed according to the new method, design heat supply can be reduced to 37% in cloudy day and 43.3% in sunny day, energy saving effect is very obvious. In Tromb wall solar house, effect of concrete wall on indoor temperature swing and attenuation of temperature wave is very obvious. While the outdoor air-temperature swing exceeds 10℃, indoor air-temperature swing belows 3℃. In the experiment, maximal difference in temperature between inner surface and outer surface of the 300mm wall exceeded 10℃. Heat storage and collector efficiency varies adversely according to solar radiation. Factors such as thickness, material, absorptance of the wall and permeation of the glass cover all have big influence on heat storage and collector efficiency. There exsisted an optimal thickness of the wall, which can make the best of heat storage and collector efficiency. Most of the heat stored in conventional Trombe wall during the daytime has been lost to the outside at night without heat preservation. Heat preservation on the outside surface of the wall has effectively improved heat release performance of the wall at night, heat supply to the room has increased too.

通过建立的地板采暖系统动态热性能分析模型，得出了在蓄放热特性、运行方式和太阳辐射等因素耦合作用下的室内热环境及热量分配比例，提出了等效供热量的概念及计算公式，指出实际所需供热量应等于设计供热量加上等效供热量，并以大连为例，给出了等效供热量的修正系数，以新方法计算，阴天可减少设计供热量37％，晴天最大可以减少设计供热量43.3％，节能效果显著；集热蓄热墙式太阳房中，混凝土蓄热墙的室温均一化效果和对温度波的削减作用非常明显，当室外温度波动最大幅度超过10℃时，室温波幅不超过3℃，实验中300mm厚墙体内外表面温差超过10℃；墙体蓄热效率与集热效率随太阳辐射照度的变化呈相反的变化趋势；墙体厚度、材料、表面吸收率以及盖板透过率等因素对集热和蓄热效率均有较大的影响，存在一个最佳的墙体厚度值，使得墙体集热和蓄热综合性能最优；传统的蓄热墙夜间没有外保温，辐射散热损失很大，研究表明墙体外保温方式明显改善了蓄热墙夜间的散热性能，增加了向室内的供热量。

--- Method and apparatus for abstracting water from air wherein in a first phase of a recurring cycle a stream of cool, moist air from the atmosphere first cools a first heat storage condenser (1) and then humidifies a hygroscopic medium (14); in a second phase a stream of warm air additionally heated by solar radiation expels moisture from the hygroscopic medium and carries the moisture into said first heat storage condenser (1) where it condenses, releasing condensation heat, and drains away; in a third phase another stream of cool, moist air from the atmosphere first cools a second heat storage condenser (2) and then rehumidifies the hygroscopic medium, and in a fourth phase another stream of warm air heated by solar energy again expels the moisture from the hygroscopic medium and carries the moisture to said second heat storage condenser where it condenses and drains away, and wherein the warm air streams of the second and fourth phases, are preheated using the heat of condensation picked up by the said second heat storage condenser (2) in the fourth phase and the heat of condensation picked up by said first heat storage condenser (1) in the second phase, respectively, before being additionally heated by solar radiation and being used to expel moisture from the hygroscopic medium.

摘要---方法和仪器取水，从空气，其中在第一阶段的周期性循环流冷静，潮湿空气从大气中的第一冷却的第一个蓄热冷凝器（ 1 ），然后humidifies一吸湿中等（ 14 ）；在第二阶段流的暖空气此外，激烈的太阳辐射驱逐水分从吸湿中等，并进行水分成表示，第一蓄热冷凝器（ 1 ）凡它凝结，释放出凝结换热，及雨水渠的距离；在第三阶段另一流的冷静，潮湿空气从大气中冷却，第一第二蓄热冷凝器（ 2 ），然后rehumidifies该吸湿中等，而在第四个阶段的另一流的暖空气加热太阳能再次驱逐水分从中期和吸湿性带有水分说，第二蓄热冷凝器而凝结及排水渠远离，和其中的暖空气流，第二和第四阶段，预热用热凝结回升，由说，第二蓄热冷凝器（ 2 ）在第四个阶段和热凝结回升，由说，第一蓄热冷凝器（ 1 ）在第二个阶段，分别之前，此外激烈的太阳辐射和被用来驱逐水分从吸湿中等。

Heat path and thermal engineering design of CCD component subsystem were presented in this paper.

本文分析了此空间遥感器CCD组件的热传递路径和热工程设计，重点对热设计组件热管辐射器进行了设计计算和热辐射校核，最后把此组件代入整机有限元分析模型进行了热分析，初步实现了热控设计的指标要求。

Detailed analyses and simulations of heat transfer have been carried out on an e vacuated tube for solar- powered adsorption refrigerator,including inhomogen eous radiation heat transfer between its inner and outer tubes,two adjacent tubes, tube and back plate,sun light reflection on back plate,etc.

以分子筛-水为吸附工质对对真空管型太阳能吸附集热器的集热性能进行了详细的分析计算，其中包括真空管内、外玻璃间非均匀温度表面的辐射换热，两相邻管之间的辐射换热，真空管与背板间的辐射换热以及背板的反光等。

In this dissertation, at first, the history and present situation of the research related to overheating is reviewed, and then the research works are carried out in following aspects the calculation of radiative properties of coal combustion, the solution of radiative transfer equation in absorbing-scattering media, the analyses of combined heat transfer processes in flue side, the computation method of steam temperature deviation of superheaters and reheaters and the inversion method of their wall metallic temperature in furnace, the numerical simulation of gas-solid two-phase flow, combustion and heat transfer in furnace, the measurement of outlet steam temperature of superheaters and reheaters, engineering reformation of overheating and optimum design of superheaters and reheaters, etc.

本文在综述了与过热器和再热器超温问题有关的研究历史与现状的基础上，在煤粉燃烧产物辐射特性的计算、含散射问题的辐射传递方程的求解、过热器和再热器烟气侧对流与辐射复合换热及汽温偏差的计算和炉内金属壁温的反演、炉内气固两相流动、燃烧、传热过程的数值模拟、过热器再热器炉外出口汽温的测量、过热器再热器超温问题的工程改造及设备的优化设计等方面进行了研究。

To study the wet thermal protective performance of fabric for fire fighters wears, 4 kinds of fire-retardant multilayer fabric suitable for fire fighters wears were used as samples, and the thermal protective performance value of the sample fabrics were tested through thermal radiation and thermal convection integrated experiment under 5 kinds of wet state and required time leading to the second-degree burn. Different layer fabrics' thermal protective performance after absorbing water was compared.

为研究消防服用织物的湿态热防护性能，以4种适宜用作消防服装多层结构的面料为试样，通过热辐射和热对流综合热防护性能实验，测试织物在5种湿状态下热辐射和热对流综合热防护值TPP和二级烧伤时间，比较不同层面料吸湿后热防护性能的变化。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。