转喻

Check for similes, metaphors, metonymy and synecdoche.

看看有没有明喻、暗喻、转喻和提喻。

There are four findings: 1 Metaphor plays a more important role than metonymy in the extension of word meaning; 2 There are two important ways of thinking in the extension of word meaning: metonymical thinking based on contiguity and metaphorical thinking based on similarity.

研究发现：(1)隐喻在词义延伸中发挥的作用大于转喻；(2)在词义延伸中有两种思维结构：一是以邻近性关系为基础的&部分代整体&的转喻思维结构；另一个是以事物相似性为基础的隐喻性联想思维结构。

In this article, the author analyzes metaphor and metonymy comparatively and points out their respective roles in the semantic extension of a word: Metaphorical thinking and metonymical thinking are two important processes leading to semantic extension, but metaphorical thinking is more important in this respect.

本文通过对比研究，指出隐喻和转喻在词义延伸中所起的作用：隐喻和转喻思维使词义延伸成为可能，而隐喻思维在词义延伸中所起的作用更大。

A cognitive study of its semantic extension, in light of the metaphor and metonymy theories in cognitive semantics, reveals that its meaning extends and changes in a spokewise fashion interlaced by a concatenate pattern, in which metaphorical and metonymic mappings are interwoven, and that metaphor and metonymy are two cognitive approaches to its semantic extension.

依据认知语义学中的隐喻和转喻理论对&兵&的语义扩展认知机制进行分析，可以发现，在&兵&的语义扩展的过程中，语义的辐射型变化交织着连锁型变化，隐喻和转喻从中共同发挥作用，它们是其语义发展的两条主要认知途径。

This chapter starts with the determination of primary sense of under. Then it focuses on how its spatial senses are extended from the central image schema to its transformations by metonymy. Next, this part also focuses on how its metaphorical senses are extended in terms of the central image schema and transformations by metaphor. In these analyses, this thesis summarizes four kinds of relations: the relation of UP-DOWN, the relation of HIGH-LOW, COVERING relation or the relation of IN-OUT and the relation of SOURCE-PATH-GOAL. Lots of metaphorical senses of under are derived from these basic spatial relations. In this thesis, the relations between the senses derived from central image schema and those derived from its transformations are explored at length. The relations between the spatial senses derived from central image schema and transformations and the metaphorical senses derived from them are also explored at length. The above analyses demonstrate that the sense extension of the spatial preposition is motivated by image schema, which also provides the root for metonymic and metaphorical extension. The semantic network of under is diagramed finally.

论文首先确定了under的首要意义；然后集中探讨了它的空间意义如何从中心意象图式，通过转喻形成许多变体，从而得以延伸；接着分析了它的隐喻意义如何从中心意象图式及其变体通过隐喻而得以延伸，在此分析中，本论文总结了四种关系：上—下关系﹑高—低关系﹑覆盖关系或里—外关系和起点—路径—目标关系，under的很多隐喻意义源于这些基本的空间关系；本论文还对源于中心意象图式的空间意义与源于其变体的空间意义的关系进行了详细的剖析；对源于中心意象图式与其变体的空间意义及其延伸的隐喻意义之间的关系，也同样进行了详细的剖析；通过分析论证了，意象图式是空间介词义项扩展的源泉，同时也为转喻和隐喻提供了基础；最后得出under的语义网络。

Because conceptual metaphor as well as the metonymy possesses the specific cognitive feature of highlighting and hiding some aspects of a concept, the euphemistic expressions organized by metaphor and metonymy play the role of downplaying the negative and unpleasant aspects of the tabooed things.

认知语言学认为概念隐喻和转喻都具有突出一个概念的某个方面而同时掩盖其他方面的作用，所以通过隐喻和转喻形成的委婉语可以掩盖被禁忌概念中反面的，另人不愉快的方面。

Metonymies and metaphors, two mechanisms in cognitive linguistics, can be used to account for, in some instances, the generation of polysemies.

多义性」产生的机制之一是认知语言学中的「转喻」及「隐喻」手法，本文的主旨在於以闽南语动词性「食」字在实际语料中的分布，来了解多义性是如何透过转喻及隐喻的途径，体现在真实语言中。

In addition, metonymy is taken as the crucial bases for metaphors, and relative metonymies are also taken as crucial bases for cognitive transfer to serve as metaphors, such as EMOTION IS PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT and EMOTION IS BEHAVIORAL REACTION.

除此之外，本文将转喻和隐喻同样视为认知转换的重要来源，因此，由转喻机制而来的认知转换又包含：情绪是生理反应以及情绪是行为反应，也纳入隐喻的表现来讨论。

The most outstanding, easy-to-perceive and well-understood one, namely, the salient aspect is paid more attention to by people in the process of cognizing the world.

近年来发展起来的认知语言学，从全新的角度考察了转喻和隐喻，认为转喻和隐喻都是人类重要的思维方式，是人类认识客观世界的重要手段。

Based on the views on metonymy held by Jakobson, Pankhurst and Gibbs, this paper mainly attempts to explore the function of conceptual metonymy in fictional narration and its interpretation from the following three aspects: characterization, description of characters, and description of scene.

人们对转喻的认识发生了彻底的改变：转喻不只是语言和修辞现象，更是认知和思维现象，它作为一种概念现象和认知过程普遍存在于人们的日常语言和思维过程中。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新