转喻

This thesis will first explore the prototypical features of the English ditransitive verbs, and then elaborate the differences between DOC and DC, the metaphorical and metonymical mechanisms of which will, finally, be discussed and employed to account for the use of non-ditransitive verbs in the two constructions.

本文首先分析了英语双及物动词这一范畴的原型特征，继而探讨了DOC和 DC差异，最后分析了这两种结构的隐喻和转喻机制并用于解释其他也能用于这两个结构的非双及物动词的用法。

There are some differences in concrete hermeneutical method between typology and Googyang School, but both of them have the same inclination of metonymical hermeneutics, and have the same hermeneutical presupposition which is to dogmatically apply the concept of bible, scripture or canon.

预表法和公羊学虽在具体的诠释方法上有所不同，但却都表现出&转喻性诠释学&的共同倾向，并且都以对&经&这一概念的独断论应用为其诠释学前提。

Cultural studies aim to reveal the metaphorical relationship between the non-literary factors and literature, contrariwise, comparative literature is devoted to decoding the metonymical relationship between the literal elements.

文化研究的对象是文化系统中文化诸要素与艺术文本的隶属关系，比较文学的研究对象应是文化系统中艺术文本的并置结构关系；文化研究致力于破解文化系统中非文学因素与文学的各种隐喻关系，是一种纵向研究；比较文学致力于破解文化系统中不同文学因素之间的各种转喻关系，是一种横向研究。

From different perspectives, we get different findings and rules, which constitute the verdicts of our research, and the following are some of them.1,Apart from the objectivity, variability, polysemy and cultural specificity, the semantic features shared by body terms and other nouns, body terms owns its unique semantic features, viz systematically metaphorical and metonymical properties.

这些发现及规律，亦即本研究的主要结论，具体如下：①人体词语的语义除了跟其它普通名词的语义一样具有客观性、历时变化性、共时多义性和文化性的特征之外，还具有隐喻系统性和转喻性两个方面的独具个性特征。

Parasceve, the Latin equivalent of paraskeue, preparation (ie the preparation that was made on the sixth day for the Sabbath; see Mark 15:42), came by metonymy to signify the day on which the preparation was made; but while the Greeks retained this use of the word as applied to every Friday, the Latins confined its application to one Friday.

parasceve ，拉丁语相当于paraskeue ，制备（即准备工作作出了第六天，为安息日；见马克15：42 ），前来转喻，以显示当天就准备了，但同时保留了希腊人这一词的使用，因为适用于每一周五，拉丁人限于其应用到一个周五。

Parasceve, the Latin equivalent of paraskeue, preparation (ie the preparation that was made on the sixth day for the Sabbath; see Mark 15:42), came by metonymy to signify the day on which the preparation was made; but while the Greeks retained this use of the word as applied to every Friday, the Latins confined its application to one Friday.

parasceve ，拉丁语相当於paraskeue ，制备（即准备工作作出了第六天，为安息日；见马克15：42 ），前来转喻，以显示当天就准备了，但同时保留了希腊人这一词的使用，因为适用於每一周五，拉丁人限於其应用到一个周五。

Then the author argues that for lexical semantic change there are three motivations: objective, subjective and linguistic, and the major cognitive mechanisms are metaphor, metonymy, and subjectification.

在此基础上，作者提出推动发话人进行词义创新的三个动因：客观动因、主观动因和语言动因，认为其认知机制主要是隐喻、转喻和主观化。

We should study radiation and concatenation synchronically and diachronically.

我们应从共时和历时两个角度来分析隐喻和转喻在词义延伸中所起的辐射和链接作用。

It is unrealiable because the only authoritative ground for this figure——a figure that would turn life into a determinate figure for consciousness would be the system of consciousness itself , ie, the system of knowing, here taken as a closed tropological system ie, a system of substitutions and exchanges based on a knowledge of entities and their exchangeable properties.

这是因为这个比喻唯一有权威的根据——这个比喻将会把生命变成对意识的规定的比喻——将会是意识体系本身，即认识活动的体系，在这里被认为是一个封闭的转喻体系（即，建立在对诸实体entities与其可交换的性质的认识之基础上的一个诸替代和交换的体系。

Such an appropriation-- allegorizing heaven and hell to the social situation, or intervening in classical paintings by adding or substituting some modern elements-- is more and more common in contemporary Chinese art. The fermentation of Chinese flavor in the 21st century gives Liu Dahong's art a fresh feel, but undeniably such a development is a matter of course.

但是，此常见的中西方文本挪用、以宗教画中地域天堂的描述转喻当代社会的现态、或在古画模型中加入现代元素的替代技巧，也许中国特色在21世纪的发酵带给刘大鸿此类作品一股维新感受，但不可否认这类风格是艺术表现发展中理所当然的结果。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新