转化的

The method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used in genetic transformation. To this day, only several genotypes such as Bobwhite and Yangmai158 have been used in transformation successfully. To widen the recipient genotypes, ten different genotypes were transformated by Agrobacterium-mediated In our study, transformation efficiency of B31706 and B31575 were significantly higher than Bobwhite. Moreover, regeneration rate and resistant plantlet rate of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in B31706 immature embryos callus was the highest one among the genotypes.

农杆菌介导法是目前应用较为广泛的转化方法之一，但在小麦中，只有包括Bobwhite和扬麦158在内的少数几个基因型被成功用于农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化中，为了拓宽小麦农杆菌转化的受体基因型范围，本研究对10个不同基因型的材料进行了转化实验。B31706和B31575的转化率明显高于对照材料Bobwhite 。

Reductive conversion of geraniol to citronellol is adopted as a model reaction, and several factors in the reaction are discussed using gas chromatography method. The influence of n-hexane and butyl acetate, as organic solvents, on biocompatibility was studied; the influence of methanol, ethanol, glycol, n-butanol and 1-hexanol, as energy substance, on the transformation efficiency was compared, respectively; the catalysis capabilities of Baker's yeast, XST-KO yeast, LP yeast, alcohol yeast, dry yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Angel yeast and Meishan yeast were discussed. It has been proved that biocompatibility of n-hexane are much better than that of butyl acetate, and the hexane has been demonstrated the most effective in terms of the influence on biotransformation, Baker's yeast has shown the highest tranformation efficiency among the eight yeast strains.

以香叶醇转化为香茅醇作为模型反应，通过气相色谱法进行定性和定量分析研究了影响该有机相生物转化反应的几个基本因素，考察了两种有机溶剂正己烷和乙酸丁酯对生物相容性的影响，选用甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、正丁醇和l-己醇分别作为能量物质进行实验，比较其对转化的影响并探讨了Baker's酵母、XST-KO酵母、LP酵母、酒精酵母、假丝酵母、干酵母、安琪酵母和梅山酵母八种不同酵母作为生物催化剂对模型反应的催化能力，结果表明，正己烷作为有机溶剂，其生物相容性明显好于乙酸丁酯，更加有利于该生物转化反应进行；乙二醇作为能量物质，该模型反应转化率最高；而 Baker's酵母作为生物催化剂，对该模型反应的催化能力最强，最适合作为该模型反应的催化剂。

Finding owned company should take out no less than 30% from net income for one-time awarding the consummator and the conversion maker of the research finding, if the achievement is conversed or permitted to converse by others, and the one-time award of identified high-tech conversion projects should be no less than 40%. If the conversion is made by researcher himself or cooperated with others, the finding owned company should take out 15% of the after-tax profit for 3-5 years since the project has been successfully produced for awarding the consummator and the conversion maker of research finding, or pay one-time compensation referring such proportion, and the award of identified high-tech conversion projects should be no less than no less than 20% of after-tax profit. In joint-stock enterprises, in the case of introducing talents in the form of converting scientific and technical results shares, and the enterprises should give 30% of the value of the results as rewards. Shareholders will share the profits based on the shares they hold.

职务科技成果转让或许可他人实施转化的，科技成果拥有单位应当从净收入中提取不低于30％的比例，用于一次性奖励该项成果完成者和转化实施者，经认定的高新技术成果转化项目应当提取不低于40％的比例，用于一次性奖励；自行或与他人合作实施转化的，科技成果拥有单位应在项目成功投产3-5年内，按不低于该成果实施转化后实现的税后利润15％的比例，用于奖励该项科技成果完成者、转化实施者、或参照此比例给予一次性报酬，经认定的高新技术成果转化项目可按不低于税后利润20％的比例用于奖励；在股份制企业中，引进人才以入股方式转化其职务科技成果的，企业应给予其该科技成果作价入股金额30％的股份作为报酬，持股人依据其所持股份分享收益。

In order to establish an efficent genetic transformation system with Cyclamen persicum leaves, several factors affected genetic transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefacien were studied.

利用根癌农杆菌介导法对仙客来叶片进行遗传转化，研究影响仙客来转化的若干因素，建立一套高效的遗传转化体系。

The best optimum conditions of the Agrobacterium mediated genetic transfornation were that leaves explants were immersed in the diluter 10 times Agrobacterium bacilli at OD600 of 0.6 for 8 minutes after being pre-cultured for 2 days,and then co-cultivated for 3 days.Then these explants were transferred to selected and rooting medium which contained 50 mg/L Kanamycin and 500 mg/L Carbenicillin.According to the transformation system, 54 transgenic plants were initially screened,then after PCR analysis and RT-PCR analysis 25 transgenic plants were obtained.

根癌农杆菌介导的芪合酶基因遗传转化的最佳条件为：将预培养2 d的烟草外植体，用稀释10倍的GV3101菌株菌液（OD600=0.6）浸染8 min后，共培养3 d，然后转入含卡那霉素50 mg/L和羧苄青霉素500 mg/L的筛选分化培养基上诱导分化，待抗性芽长到2～3 cm后，转入含Km 50 mg/L和Cb 500 mg/L的筛选生根培养基上进行筛选，在以上最佳遗传转化条件下，初步筛选到54株转化体，经PCR和RT-PCR检测获得25株转化烟草植株。

This chapter emphasizes on the five issues. Firstly, the relation between the transformation from savings to investment and the fund's formation. Its purpose is to reveal the formation way of the funds and how to improve its efficiency of utilization. Secondly, the analysis of the supply behavior of the transformation from savings to investment. It mostly analyzes the savings' behaviors of the government, enterprises and residents and their economic effects. Thirdly, the analysis of the demand behavior of the transformation from savings to investment. It stresses on discussing the enterprise's choices of the financing structures and forms on the premise of pursuing the maximum profit, through analyzing the basic features of each social financial entity. Fourthly, it clearly points out the kinds of transformative mechanism from savings to investment and its impactive factors. Finally, it emphases the importance and realizing path of the transformative mechanism in our country that is changed from combining bank with capital market to the market leading, through analyzing the mechanism and its practice in China.

本章重点讨论五个问题：第一，储蓄向投资转化与资金形成的关系，目的是揭示资金的形成途径及如何提高其使用效率；第二，储蓄向投资转化的供给行为分析，主要分析政府、企业和居民的储蓄行为及其经济效应；第三，储蓄向投资转化的需求行为分析，通过分析社会各融资主体的基本特征，重点探讨企业在追求收益最大化前提下融资结构和融资形式的选择；第四，储蓄向投资的转化机制，主要探讨了储蓄向投资转化机制及其制约因素；第五，通过对中国储蓄向投资转化机制的历史考察和现状分析，明确指出了我国储蓄向投资的转化机制由银行与资本市场并存型转向市场主导型的重要性和实现路径。

Furthermore, the premise of transformation must not be accomplished,some transformed crimes can transform frome preparatory and incompleted.

转化犯有其独特的构成特征，它是一种犯罪向另一种犯罪的转化，基本罪与转化罪必须是性质完全不同的两种犯罪，并且这种转化是轻罪向重罪的转化，转化的结果是对行为人依法律规定之转化后的犯罪定罪处罚。

The results showed that, using transient GUS expression, the frequency of resistant calli and shoot differentiation as a criteria, wheat mature embryos were cultured on the preculture medium of CM4C1P for 14 days, and immersed in inoculation suspension Ⅰ for 3 hours, then the explants were co-cultured under desiccation conditions for 3 days, which was optimal conditions for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of wheat mature embryos.

为了进一步完善根癌农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化体系，以小麦成熟胚为转化受体，研究了根癌农杆菌介导法转化小麦的主要影响因素，结果表明，以gus基因瞬时表达率、抗性愈伤组织获得率和分化率为转化指标，小麦成熟胚在预培养基CM4C1P上预培养14d后，用侵染培养液Ⅰ侵染3h，再经干燥共培养方式处理3d，是根癌农杆菌介导成熟胚转化的合适条件。

To distinguish transformed and untransformed cells and tissues, this review provides a summary of marker genes in terms of classification, working principles, application and problems.

它在遗传转化中的关键作用是区分转化和非转化的细胞，以筛选并鉴定出转化的细胞、组织和转基因植株。目前，已报道的标记基因种类很多，划分标准也各不相同。

Using this model three competence-deficient pneumococci, which was identified by PCR and transformation experiment, were constructed. It is found different strain has different bacterial optimal density for being induced into competence. The optimal density for strains 1, 2 and 22 was 0.1, 0.08and 0.07 respectively. The optimal condition for transformation is c plus y culture at pH8.0. In c plus y culture at pH6.8, which restrained pneumococci forming transformation naturally, pneumococci could be induced to form transformation by CSP.It is concluded that we could induce different S.pneumoniae by CSP into competence in their optimal density in laboratory. 2. It was discussed the relationship between pneumococcal transformation formation and its opportunistic pathogenesis. Comparing their virulence with that of parental strains by challenging mice intraperitoneally and adhering to ECV-304 cell respectively.

结果表明不同肺炎链球菌株的转化最适菌密度不同，1、2和22号菌株的最适转化密度分别为0.1、0.08和0.07；用于转化的CTM培养基最适为pH 8.0的C+Y培养基；在自然转化下不能诱导转化发生的pH 6.8的C+Y培养基中，使用CSP诱导，也能促使细菌发生转化，只是转化效率较低；结论：实验室条件下，不同细菌在一定菌密度时可利用CSP诱导肺炎链球菌成为感受态发生转化。2、为探讨肺炎链球菌转化对毒力表达的影响，本研究分别通过体外粘附人脐静脉血管内皮细胞ECV-304和体内小鼠毒力实验观察1、2和22号肺炎链球菌和其转化缺陷菌株1t、2t和22t毒力的差异。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。