转化率

The effects of various reaction conditions were studied by GC analysis. Reaction time has slight effect on the conversion of acenaphthene. The selectivity of N-phenyl aminoacenaphthene increases with reaction time. Biacenaphthenyls or N-phenyl aminoacenaphthene is in the majority, 77.6% or 90.2% when the molar ratio of AlCl3 to acenaphthene is 1.2 and 2.4 respectively.

GC考察了不同反应条件对苊转化率和产物选择性的影响，时间对苊转化率影响不大，N-苯基氨基苊的选择性随着时间增加而增大；随着AlCl3用量的增加，苊转化率和N-苯基氨基苊的选择性随之增加；AlCl3与苊的摩尔比为1.2和2.4时，产物中联苊和N-苯基氨基苊的选择性分别达到77.6%和90.2%。

4The obtained solid alkali catalyst was applied to biodiesel preparation with colza oil and used oil as materials respectively and the technics was optimized by sigle-factor and orthogoral experiments with esterification rate as the index. The optimal technique conditions using colza oil were: the amount of solid catalyst 12%, the mol ratio of methanol to oil 9:1, reaction temperature 65℃, reaction time 3h, under which the esterification rate reached to 94.48%.

4以菜籽油和煎炸废油为原料，利用固体碱催化剂催化制备生物柴油，以转化率为考察指标，采用单因素和正交试验对工艺进行优化，得到以菜籽油为原料时制备的最佳工艺参数为固体催化剂投入量2.5％，醇油摩尔比9∶1，反应温度65℃，反应时间3h，转化率达到93.9％；以煎炸废油为原料时最佳工艺参数为反应温度65℃，反应时间3h，固体催化剂投入量4％，醇油摩尔比6∶1，转化率达到91.2％。

Moreover,the selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to corresponding carbonyl compounds with the multinuclear copper complexes Cul-Cu4 as catalysts have been conducted using TBHP and O_2/TEMPO,respectively.Among them,the copper complex Cu3 showed the best performance.On the performances of the two classes of oxidants,benzylic and heterocyclic alcohols could be effectively oxidized to carbonyl compounds.Specifically,the secondary alcohols could be effectively oxidized to ketones with excellent selectivity up to 100%in the presence of TBHP and the allylic alcohols could be effectively oxidized to aldehydes in the presence of O_2/TEMPO system.

实验结果还表明，在TBHP或O_2/TEMPO存在下，各配合物催化剂均能使各种取代芳香伯/仲醇以及杂环醇等以不同程度的转化率和选择性转化成相应的醛或酮，其中，配合物Cu3在O_2/TEMPO存在下可使苯甲醇和烯丙醇等以较高转化率和近100%的选择性转化成相应的醛，而对其它芳香醇和脂肪伯/仲醇等的催化性能则较差；在TBHP存在下，配合物Cu3则可使1-苯乙醇和其它仲醇以较高转化率和近100%的选择性转化为相应的酮，但对各类其它伯醇选择氧化的性能相对较差。

The crudeglycerol from biodiesel production could be directly converted to 1,3-PD without any priorpurification. In flask cultures, the 1,3-PD yields of 0.62 and 0.44mol/mol on crude glycerolfrom lipase-and alkali-catalyzed methanolysis of soybean oil were lower than that of0.68mol/mol on pure glycerol. In fed-batch fermentations, the 1,3-PD yields of 0.47 and0.46mol/mol on crude glycerol were comparable to that of 0.49mol/mol on pure glycerol.

生物柴油的副产物甘油不经纯化可以直接用来发酵生产1，3-丙二醇，在摇瓶培养中，由酶法和碱法得到的甘油获得的1，3-丙二醇的转化率分别为0.62mol／mol和0.44mol／mol，而纯甘油得到的转化率为0.68mol／mol；在批式流加发酵中，由酶法与碱法得到的甘油和纯甘油得到的1，3-丙二醇的转化率相差不大，分别为0.47mol／mol、0.46mol／mol和0.49mol／mol，纯甘油得到的生产强度最高，为2.0g／，两种粗甘油得到的生产强度都为1.7g／。

House, Nanyang, He′nan 473006, ChinaAbstract: The change rate of different trace component of the same material varied in the fermentation of yellow rice wine, samely, the change rate of the same trace component of the common materials varied in daily yellow rice wine production and its characteristics are: 1.The change rate in millet, indica rice and semi－glutinous rice, Zn the highest, then Mg, and Cu and Se the lowest. 2.The change rate in glutinous rice, Mg the highest , then Zn, then Cu, and Se the lowest.

摘 要：同种原料中不同微量元素在黄酒发酵中转化率不同，同样，同种微量元素在黄酒生产常用的4种原料中的转化率也不同，特点为：①在粳米、小米和籼米中Zn的转化率最高，其次为Mg，转化率最低的为Cu和Se；②在糯米中元素Mg的转化率最高，其次为Zn，微量元素Se转化率最低，其次为Cu。

The experimental result showed that with the increase of weight ratio of catalyst to oil,yields of off-gas,liquidized petroleum gas and coke increased,but yields of gasoline and diesel oil dropped;conversion of FCC gasoline was about 94% and its yield firstly decrea...

实验结果表明，随着剂油比的提高，干气、液化气和焦炭收率逐渐增大，汽油和柴油收率逐渐减小，产品的转化率在94%左右，且随着剂油比的升高转化率先减少后增加，当剂油比为14.67∶1时，产品的转化率有最小值；MON和RON随着剂油比的升高而先增加后减少，当剂油比为6.03∶1时，产品的MON和RON有最大值，分别为83.50%和96.83%；随着水油比的加大，汽油、柴油和焦炭收率与产品的MON和RON逐渐减少，干气和液化气收率变化不大，而&兰炼&FCC汽油的转化率在94%左右。

In range of 300℃～900℃, all the transition metal oxide catalysts could get high ammonia conversion, during the initial stages of the reaction, the SO〓 conversion is relatively low since the catalysts have not been sulfureted, but it increases gradually and attain constant with rising temperature and time continuance,〓 is better than other catalysts in reactivity and elemental sulfur selectivity; XRD indicates that, in the SO〓-SCR process, stable transition metal sulfide is generated which is very important to SO〓 reduction and transition metal sulfide probably is the active phase of catalyst, further the reduction of SO〓 by H〓 to H〓S is the limiting step of all process, then the activity is somewhat related to its lattice oxygen yet not so notable; XPS indicates that little sulfur on surface exists as S〓 in sulfate, showing that TiO〓 could restrain the generation of sulfate.

对于过渡金属氧化物催化剂的研究发现，在300℃～900℃范围内，不同的催化剂均可获得很高的NH〓转化率，反应初期由于催化剂还未硫化，所以SO〓的转化率较低，随着温度升高和反应时间的延续，SO〓的转化率逐渐升高并达到了稳定值；七种过渡金属氧化物中，以〓对于NH〓还原SO〓反应的活性和选择性最好；XRD结果表明在NH〓-SO〓反应后生成了稳定的硫化物相，硫化物对SO〓的还原过程具有重要作用，催化剂的活性相可能是过渡金属硫化物，而且在硫化物催化剂上进行的H〓还原SO〓生成H〓S的反应是整个过程的速率控制步骤，所以催化剂的活性与其自身的晶格氧的氧化还原能力有一定的联系，但关系不明显；XPS结果表明催化剂表面的硫大部分以过渡金属硫化物的形式存在，只生成少量的S〓，说明TiO〓催化剂能够较好的抑制硫酸盐的生成。

The results indicated that the total hydrodesulfurization ratio of sulfur-containing compounds of FCC gasoline was 86.3%, sulfide and tetrahydrothiophene were completely conversed, the hydrodesulfurization ratio of mercaptans was 96.6%, the hydrodesulfurization ratio of thiophene was 78.8%, the hydrodesulfurization ratio of alkyl-substituted thiophene was 85.8%, the hydrodesulfurization ratio of benzothiophene was 81.4% The conversed products of 3-methylthiophene were including little sulfur specie, isomerized sulfur specie (2-methylthiophene) and larger sulfur specie (2, 5-dimethylthiophene, 2,4-dimethylthiophene, 2,3-dimethylthiophene).

结果表明FCC汽油硫化物总脱硫率为86.3%，其中，硫醚和四氢噻吩的转化率都达到100%，硫醇硫转化率96.6%，噻吩硫转化率78.8%，烷基噻吩转化率85.8%，苯并噻吩转化率81.4%。3-甲基噻吩在OTA催化剂上的转化产物中含有小分子，异构硫化物（2-甲基噻吩），以及大分子异构硫化物（如2，5-二甲基噻吩、2，4-二甲基噻吩和2，3-二甲基噻吩）。

Alkylation of phenol was used to research catalytic activity of Y/MCM-41. The results have shown that Y/MCM-41 has higher catalytic activity than the traditional Y and MCM-41. For the Y/MCM-41, not only the conversion of phenol raised with tert-butyl alcohol and reaction temperature raising, but also Useful time of Y/MCM-41 was longer. For the Y/MCM-41, the conversion of phenol raised with reaction time raising, But that increased slowly after 3 hours.

结果表明：Y/MCM一41分子筛具有比Y型或MCM一41更高的催化活性；而对于Y/MCM一41分子筛，随着叔丁醇和温度的增加，苯酚的转化率也增加，且使用寿命也较长；对于Y/MCM-41分子筛，随着反应时间的增加，苯酚的转化率增加，但反应3小时之后，苯酚转化率增加就不明显了。

The following main results are obtained: The TiO_2 photocatalyst with small crystallite size, high surface area, narrow and uniform pore size distribution, and microporous frameworks could be prepared out by applying MW radiation in the preparation process. The microwave-induced fluorescence technique verified for the first time that microwave enhanced the formation rate of hydroxyl radical, leading to the increase in the photocatalytic efficiency. Compared with the conventional catalyst, TiO_2 prepared by MW dielectric heating owns a higher UV absorption ability, and its optical absorption edge and photovoltaic response are shifted toward the short wavelength region, resulting in increase of photooxidation efficiency. The photocatalytic conversion and the mineralization ratio of acetaldehyde are increased respectively by 30% and 40% over the TiO2 prepared by MW radiation when compared to the TiO2 prepared by the conventional heating. For the MW-assisted photocatalytic reaction over the MW-prepared TiO2, production of hydroxyl radicals is enhanced by 22.5%, and the photocatalytic conversion is accordingly increased by 20%. Similarlly, applying MW also increased the photocatalytic conversion and the mineralization ratio of acetaldehyde over TiO2/Al2O3 sample.

论文得到如下主要结果和结论：(1)微波介电加热TiO_2 溶胶可得到晶粒度小、光催化活性高、比表面积大和孔径分布窄而均一，且微孔发达的TiO_2光催化剂；在溶胶干燥处理过程中微波可使催化剂表面缺陷增加，进而导致光催化反应过程有更多的活性羟基自由基产生；(2)微波制备能显著增强TiO_2 样品的紫外光吸收率，并使其光吸收和光伏响应阈值发生蓝移，从而提高TiO_2的氧化还原能力；(3)与常规加热法所制TiO_2比较，微波法制备的TiO_2对乙醛的光催化降解转化率提高30%，CO_2生成率提高40%以上；(4)与未加微波辐射时相比，发现在光催化反应过程中施加微波，TiO_2 的羟基自由基生成速率提高了22.5%，相应CH_3CHO 光催化降解转化率提高了20%；对Al_2O_3/TiO_2催化剂，CH_3CHO 光催化降解转化率甚至提高了33%，同时CO_2 的生成率也都大幅度提高；(5)微波辐射可改变光催化降解乙醛的产物分布，推断施加微波时乙醛光催化降解按照羟基自由基引发的链式反应机理进行，微波&非热效应&起主要作用。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。