跨国公司的

This paper make a general analyze of the SMES Cluster, define the conception of SMES Cluster, the forming of SMES Cluster and the basic types of SMES Cluster, study the important function of the SMES Cluster to the country, the district and the enterprises selves.Second, this paper research comparatively of three different international SMES Cluster cases and three different domestic SMES Cluster cases. Three different international SMES Clusters include the Italianism SMES Cluster, the Croatia SMES Cluster and the SMES Cluster which are formed by the multinational corporations" investment. Three different domestic SMES Clusters include the Zhejiang province SMES Cluster, Shandong province SMES Cluster and the Zhongguancun SMES Cluster.Finally, on the basic of analysis in cases, according to the current situation of Jiangsu and analysis of cluster development condition of SMES, explore the SMES Cluster development mode and pattern in Jiangsu. The main types of SMES Cluster in Jiangsu include Spontaneous growing up type, enterprise"s expanding type, market driving type, urging type of science and technology, and driving type of the foreign capitals.

本文通过对中小企业集群的一般分析，界定中小企业集群的概念、形成、基本类型以及中小企业集群对国家、对区域、对企业本身的重要作用；其次，对国外三种不同类型的中小企业集群(意大利式中小企业集群、克罗地亚造船厂式中小企业集群、跨国公司投资形成的中小企业集群)和国内三个不同地区的中小企业集群(浙江省中小企业集群、山东省中小企业集群、中关村中小企业集群)的案例进行比较分析研究；最后，在案例分析的基础之上，根据江苏的现状以及中小企业集群发展条件的分析，探索江苏集群发展的模式和格局，江苏的中小企业的发展模式主要有自发成长型、企业扩张型、市场带动型、科技驱动型、外资带动型。

This article starts with the modificatory production function, establishes a new frame for theory analysis, based which this article then analyses the action mechanism of extrusion effects MNCs gives to China, and discusses the three different phases of MNCs'employment effects, namely absorb effects in short term, extrusion effects in medium term and draught affects in long term. Bases on the analysis, the article makes a new explanation of China's employment elasticity since China's reform and opening.

本文从修正的生产函数入手，构建了新的理论分析框架，在此基础上分析了跨国公司对国内就业的挤出效应的作用机制，论述了其就业效应的三个不同阶段，即短期的吸收效应、中期的挤出效应和长期的拉动效应，并在此基础上对改革开放以来中国就业弹性的变化做出了新的解释。

An optimization model of net income after tax for single product in productiondistribution supply chain was established.

供应链是包括供应、制造、销售活动在内的物流、资金流、信息流一体化的公司网络系统·为满足供应链的整体目标，供应链中的公司可适当调整产品的交易价格，如采用转移价格、价格折扣、返点等方法实现[1～7]·文献[1]给出了一个优化跨国公司税后净收入的跨国供应链模型，建立了一个启发式解法，对原问题调整后应用连续线性规划进行了求解·文献[2]研究了公司内转移价格作为一种协调机制时的作用·本文在文献[1，2]的基础上，分析并建立了一个单产品生产销售供应链中总公司的税后净收入优化模型；最后，应用改进的进化规划算法进行了仿真实验计算·1

In its international expansion , Unilever has traditionally used a decentralized national responsive strategy where local subsidiaries develop their markets with a great degree of autonomy , the local subsidiary has very great autonomies to make own market strategy market in order to expand them .

在联合利华的成长过程中，传统上联合利华采用分散化的公司经营战略，更加注重对当地消费者的需求作出反应，当地子公司有很大的自主权去制定本身的市场战略以拓展他们的市场；现在，随着经济全球化的影响，跨国公司实行全球范围管理的成本进一步下降，公司更加注重追求全球范围内的成本降低和效率提高，联合利华自九十年代以来开始进行的战略调整体现了这一战略意图和趋向。

In studying,we have discovered China clear melt product this industry,China washes a miniature melting industry being that Chinese local territory enterprise develops in market competition,The powder multinational corporation enters the Chinese marketplace queen,China redresses from 1980"s to spend 20,local territory is washed spending a brand getting through trials and hardship drifting along several time,As the down-stream enterprise that petroleum estate enchains,fluctuation and transnational gradually spend magnate"s inside and outside converging attack facing prices of raw and semifinished materials,but redress melt,be that one is representative carry out the fleetness consumer goods industry consuming according to the brand,in the main body of a book having analysed tradition economics and new system economics after to making an explanation in connection with problem,the economics angle sets off from the brand,bring the brand into analytical ken of economy,is breakthrough point with the degree choosing cost and the brand category, gaining a profit of having analysed enterprise from a new angle pattern,And have defined the brand practical or immediate significance again.

在研究中，我们发现了中国洗化产品这个行业，洗化行业是中国本土企业在市场竞争中发展的一个缩影，自20世纪80年代末跨国公司进入中国市场后，中国洗化20年，本土洗化品牌历经风雨几番浮沉，作为石油产业链的下游企业，面对原材料价格的波动和跨国日化巨头的内外夹击，而洗化，又是一个典型的依品牌进行消费的快速消费品行业，本文在分析了传统经济学和新制度经济学对有关问题的解释后，从品牌经济学的角度出发，将品牌纳入经济分析的视野，以选择成本和品牌品类度作为突破点，从一个新的角度分析了企业的盈利模式，并重新定义了品牌的现实意义。

From ArcelorMittal in steel to ZTE in telecoms, ambitious companies from India, China and other developing nations have marched onto the global stage in recent years, spooking the rich world's establish ed multinationals with innovative products and bold acquisitions.

近年来，从钢铁业的安赛乐米塔尔到电信业的中兴，这些来自印度、中国以及其它发展中国家雄心勃勃的公司已经踏上了全球的舞台。它们用创新产品和大胆的并购，让发达国家的那些老牌跨国公司慌了神。

From ArcelorMittal in steel to ZTE in telecoms, ambitious companies from India, China and other developing nations have marched onto the global se in recent years, spooking the rich world's established multinationals with innovative products and bold acquisitions.

近年来，从钢铁业的安赛乐米塔尔到电信业的中兴，这些来自印度、中国以及其它发展中国家雄心勃勃的公司已经踏上了全球的舞台。它们用创新产品和大胆的并购，让发达国家的那些老牌跨国公司慌了神。

Transnational Corporations have become the leading role in the world economic activities and it is the main part in national competitions by owning large numbers of capitals, large-scale of production, advanced scientific technology, modern method of management, global managing strategy and world-covering sales system.

跨国公司因为拥有巨额的资本、庞大的生产规模、先进的科学技术、现代化的管理手段、先进的管理模式、全球的经营战略以及覆盖全球的营销体系而成为当代世界经济活动中的主角，也是国家间竞争的主体。

As a colony, the China family businesses are subjected to the wide-ranging concern of fellow countrymen and mass media in the past few years, there're at least two immediate reasons: one is that numerous family businesses have created great wealth; the other is the issue of the going on the Chinese stock market of family businesses.

美国的《财富》杂志评选的世界500强企业中，超过40%的企业为家族所有，在美国，从企业数量来看，98%的公司是家庭所有，包括一些赫赫有名的大型跨国公司，如亨氏食品等。即使是在美国最大型的公司中，也有大约42%的企业是由个人或家庭所控制。《福布斯》杂志评选出的中国大陆50位富翁中大部分属于家族企业。

On the basis of synthesis of a study of the relations, advocated by neoclassicists and structuralists, between industrial growth and market environment, in this article we have, according to the feature of industrial growth in underdeveloped countries, and with the analytic framework of"interdynamic learning and industrial growth",studied the strategic adjustment--since China s entry into WTO--by transnational motor companies located in China and China s local enterprises, and the changes in compa...

在综合了新古典和结构主义学派关于产业成长与市场环境之间关系研究的基础上，本文结合落后国家产业成长的特点，运用&互动学习和产业成长&分析框架，研究了在加入WTO后我国汽车产业中跨国公司和当地企业的战略调整以及这两类企业之间相对竞争优势的变化，并结合当地企业的学习和适应能力分析了该产业的未来变化趋势。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。