跨国公司

The basic peddler for transnational corporation development is to make full use of resources, and in recent years, new reasons have emerged with the fast development of economy, for example, to reduce producing pressure, to amortize huge cost of research and development.

无论是从顺应经济发展的趋势方面讲，还是从把握跨国公司发展动因的角度说，中国经济的发展都需要跨国公司的支持。现在，我国已加入世界贸易组织，这更为我国企业融入世界经济降低了成本，跨国公司是中国企业的下一个发展目标。

This paper starts with the specific analysis on inter-trade problem of multinational firm in America and the particular characteristic and determinant to guide the strategy of in our "go out" multinational firms.

因此， 本文主要从美国跨国公司内部贸易的具体分析入手，对跨国公司内部贸易所独有特性和决定因素进行研究，以期望对我国跨国公司"走出去"的战略起到一定的指导作用。

After analysing this trend of the TNCs" organizational structure, this paper indicates: enhancement of the environmental uncertainty, competitive pressure of industrial globalization and physical condition that is offered by informational technology are the exterior driving factor of network structure of TNCs. In the other side, the elevation of oneself transnational operation level nowadays, implementing "transnational strategy, the globalization of the source of gaining resource under the new business model and global learning of TNCs are ulterior driving-strength for this trend.

本文分析了跨国公司的这种组织结构发展趋势，在总结了以前研究者的成果和剖析跨国公司组织结构历史发展的过程基础上，指出：环境不确定性的增强、产业全球化的竞争压力和信息技术提供的物质条件是跨国公司内部结构网络化的外部驱动因素；而当今跨国公司自身海外经营层次的不断提高、跨国战略的实施和新跨国经营模式下的对关键资源来源全球化的需求和跨国公司全球学习则构成了跨国公司朝这个趋势发展的内在驱动力量。

Research on Trans-regional Entry Modes of Coal Enterprise in China;2. Influence of Entry Modes and Evolution of Service Firm Internationalization about Tacitness of Knowledge;3. This paper studies the regular patterns of transnational corporations entry into markets and presents the relationalship between bargaining power based on exclusive assets,technical spillovers and the entry modes of transnational corporations.

本文研究了跨国公司市场进入模式的选择规律，探讨了基于资产专有性的谈判力、技术溢出与跨国公司进入模式之间的相互关系，模型分析的结论认为：存在技术外溢的情况下，跨国公司应选择独资模式；而在没有技术溢出的情况下，跨国公司应该以并购模式进入东道国市场。

The structure of this article is as follows: Firstly, the background of this article is stated in exordia and the question was raised; chapter one stated cash flow management theory and transnational corporations' cash flow management characters; chapter two introduced general cash flow management technical and method; chapter three analysis cash flow management situation of Chinese transnational corporations; chapter four take VW as an example to expatiate company situation and the impact to cash flow management by the organization of the company, the goal of cash flow management and financing strategy, then introduce the cash flow forecast module, at last analysis the experience and disadvantage of VW's cash flow management; Chapter five give some suggestions to Chinese local transnational corporations for cash flow management including: using proper cash flow management technical and establish scientific process, ect.; the last part is the conclusion This article took VW's cash flow management as an example to descried transnational corporation cash flow management theory and practical issues, but some techniques can only be used in some country where can exchange currency freely; it can not be practical in some foreign exchange administration countries including China, such kind of cash flow module still under discussion based on theory.

本文结构如下：首先在绪言部分简述了选题背景，提出了问题；之后，第一章陈述了现金流管理理论和跨国公司现金流管理的特点；第二章评述了国际常见的现金流管理技术和方法；第三章分析了中国跨国公司的现金流管理现状；第四章详细阐述了VW公司现金流管理的实例，包括公司的发展及组织架构设置对现金流管理的影响，公司现金流管理的目标、筹资策略等，重点介绍了VW公司的现金流预测模型，最后分析了VW公司现金流管理的经验和不足；第五章详细阐述了对中国跨国公司现金流管理的建议，包括应用适合的现金流管理技术及建立科学的现金流管理流程等；最后在结论部分对该文做了总结。

With the building of a Dynamic Game competition model between host firms and microcosmical and macrosconical IT corporations, the paper analyzes the impact of host firm's market actions, the characteristics of IT industries and the policy on multinational corporations' technology transfer. The results show that the scale and speed of multinational corporations' transfer to the host country depends on the host enterprises' learning efficiency, technological gap and the degree of competition products' substitution.

文章通过建立一个东道国与跨国公司IT产业的动态博弈竞争模型，从微观、中观、宏观角度分析东道国企业市场行为、IT产业特征、政策环境对跨国公司技术转移的影响，结果显示，跨国公司对东道国的技术转移规模和速度取决于东道国企业的学习效率、技术差距、金融市场效率和竞争产品的替代程度。

In market aspect,MNEs have rigidity of market crowding out,can possess market rapidly and potentially,build the bulwark of market entering,while it also has absolute advantage of brands. At the same time,they also develop a pattern of value chain of vertical specialization,by which,Chinas enterprises may have a chance to get into MNEs global value chain and acquire market room. In industry aspect,while MNEs control the industry by stock property and the advantage of brands,they provide a chance of industrial transfer and industrial linkages. Chinas enterprises could strengthen industrial linkages and achieve industrial drive by technology innovation and agglomeration effect. In technology aspect,because of the nature of MNEs technology monopoly,Chinas enterprises must face the dilemma of technology dependence,technology unadaptability and technology trap. But MNEs may also transfer technology to Chinas enterprises by competition effect,demonstration effect and cooperation effect. Moreover,Chinas enterprises could make use of MNEs investment of "oligopolistic reaction"in China to accelerate technology transfer.

在市场层面，跨国公司对中国企业具有市场挤出的刚性，市场占有速度快、潜力大，构筑市场进入壁垒，具有绝对品牌优势，但也在中国形成垂直专业化分工的价值链模式，中国企业获得链入跨国公司全球价值链，获取自身市场空间的机会；在产业层面，跨国公司借助股权安排和品牌优势实施产业控制，但也提供了产业梯度转移和产业关联的契机，中国企业可以通过技术创新和聚集效应，增强产业关联，实现产业带动；在技术层面，跨国公司出于技术垄断本性，使中国企业面临技术依赖、技术非适应性甚至技术陷阱的困境，但也通过竞争效应、示范效应、合作效应对中国企业进行技术转移，中国企业还可以利用跨国公司在华&寡占反应&投资，加速技术转移。

First is that it stands factors of limiting FDI spillover; the second is that there are negative effects of FDI. On the basis of the above points, the thesis put forwards to suggestions on improving FDI spillover. Chapter 5 talks about two problems: firstly, the factors of limiting FDI spillover in China; Secondly, putting forward to suggestions on how to improve the quality of utilizing FDI in macro and micro aspects. For the viewpoints above, on the basis of deeply analyzing reasons of unapparent FDI spillover, the thesis points out the suggestions on improving the quality of utilizing FDI.

在论文的第五部分主要讨论了两个问题：第一，外商在华投资溢出效应扩散的制约因素(外资企业的技术供给制约因素，我国吸收外商直接投资溢出效应能力不足，外部环境的制约因素)；第二，从宏观、微观层面对如何提高利用外资质量提出了建议(加大我国外商直接投资特别是大型跨国公司的吸引力度，充分利用外商直接投资的技术外溢效应；在跨国公司进入的产业领域积极培育真正意义上的市场竞争结构，通过竞争的压力迫使跨国公司加强技术的外溢；政府可通过一系列促进措施，为国内企业吸收跨国公司的外溢效应创造良好的外部环境)。

Transnational Corporations'operating strategies and practical innovations promote the development of SCM in global scale, meanwhile, SCM provide new plats for Transnational Corporations to elaborate the advantages in the new global competitive environment, which enhance the Transnational Corporations'core position in the international economy and trade.

因此，系统研究跨国公司供应链管理与竞争优势之间的关系，对于跨国公司自身发展而言，具有重要的战略意义；对于跨国公司全球供应链的其他经济体而言，有助于优化行为决策，对提高整个供应链体系的竞争能力、实现可持续竞争优势具有一定的理论参考和实践意义。

But capital is profit-seeking, so do multinational companies. And transfer price is an important tool to gain high profit of them, so there is necessity to study about it.

但是资本本身是逐利的，跨国公司也不例外，它们进入每一个领域和市场的目的都是获取利润，而内部转移价格正是跨国公司实现其目的的重要手段，因此，有必要对跨国公司的内部价格进行深入的研究。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。