距离

Theoretical analysis proves that,when the pixel number,pixel size and reconstructed wavelength of the hologram are certain,computer simulated algorithms of Fresnel diffraction integral fall into convolution algorithm,angular spectrum algorithm and direct Fourier trans...

通过对相位函数局域空间频率的分析，给出了判定算法适用范围的特征再现距离，并分析得出，再现距离大于特征再现距离时，适合用卷积法；小于特征再现距离时，适合采用角谱法；等于特征再现距离时三种方法都适用。

However, Most vector-based algorithms of computing the Voronoi diagrams have difficulty while dealing with complex generators , and so author first discusses the properties of Voronoi diagram based on the Manhattan distance or supremum distance, the experimental result shows that Voronoi diagram based on the Manhattan distance or supremum distance or alternatively using these two distances is a rough approximation of Euclidean-metric Voronoi diagram.

鉴于构建Voronoi图的矢量方法存在一些问题及不足，首先分析了基于曼哈顿距离和上限距离的Voronoi图性质，进行了相应的实验，实验结果表明基于这两种距离或交替使用这两种距离所产生的Voronoi图与基于欧氏距离产生的Voronoi图之间存在较大的差异，属于精度较差的逼近方法。

Based on the distance of Kullback-Leibler, this paper give the exact definition of the maximum Kullback-Leibler distance between two different distribution functions and prove that this one has analytic properties such as symmetry, triangle inequality which is the same as the Euclidean distance. By the definition, the maximum Kullback-Leibler distance between some conventional distributions, such as two different binomial distributions, two different normal distributions are obtianed.

在Kullback-Leibler距离的基础上，定义了两个概率分布之间的最大Kullback-Leibler距离，证明了这个距离具有欧式距离的对称性，三角不等式性等分析性质，依照该定义，计算了两个不同的二项分布，两个不同的正态分布等一些常见分布之问的最大Kullback-Leibler距离。

ResultsDistances between pyramidal eminence and chordal eminence and the facial canal were 3.22±0.41mm and 3.59±0.48mm, and length of the tympanic chorda posterior tubules was 9.44±1.65mm. Distances between pyramid segment of the facial canal and chordal eminence, lateral semicircular canal and posterior semicircular canal were 3.34mm±0.42mm, 1.54±0.25mm and 2.15±0.29mm, respectively.

结果颞骨标本解剖观察结果，锥隆起至鼓索隆起的距离（3.22±0.41）mm、锥隆起至面神经管直线距离（3.59±0.48）mm、鼓索后小管的长度（9.44±1.65）mm；面神经管锥曲至鼓索隆起间的距离（3.34±0.42）mm、面神经锥曲至水平半规管距离（1.54±0.25）mm、面神经锥曲至后半规管距离（2.15±0.29）mm。

Furthermore, out of 497 fAFLP markers, 80 special bands were found to be able to distinguish the four groups from each other and may be applied for germplasm characterization and molecular assistant classification of Meretrix clam.4 Molecular classification of two species of Meretrix clam based on fAFLP and ITS sequences4.1 The results of fAFLP maker analysis of S, G and W showed that each group had their own specific loci among which there were 53 special loci in W group, much more than those of S group (14) and G group (21). Among the 53 loci, nine were all dominant loci. These unique loci could be taken as molecular markers to distinguish W from other groups. The genetic similarity indexes and distance matrix between S and G groups were 0.9585 and 0.0424 respectively, but the genetic similarity indexes and distance matrix between W group and S or G group was 0.7939 or 0.7941, and 0.2308 or 0.2305 respectively. The results revealed that significant difference existed between W and S or G groups in molecular genetic structure. The phylogenetic trees by the methods of UPGMA and NJ also indicated that S and G populations were very closely related, while W population was a relatively independent cluster, lying beyond the species which S and G belong to.4.2 The internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA from S group, G group and W group were PCR amplified and sequenced. The results showed that the size of ITS ranged between 1266-1269bp in W group, while those in G and S groups were 1614bp and 1520bp respectively. The GC content ranged 62.32-62.62% in W group while it was 61.77% in G group. The genetic distances between three populations of W group were 0.001～0.003, but it was 0.110 or 0.147 respectively between W group and G group or S group. Phylogenetic trees by NJ method also showed that G group was very closely related to S group, while W group was a relatively independent cluster.

在457个总扩增位点中找出了53个W的特有位点，远多于S群体(14)和G(21)群体，而且在53个特有位点中有9个出现频率为100%的位点，这些位点可以作为区分其它2个群体的特征性标记；S– G群体特有的位点有112个，其中有4个位点出现频率为100%，可作为S– G群体区别于W群体的特征性标记。S群体和G群体间的遗传相似性系数为0.9585，遗传距离只有0.0424，在NJ和UPGMA法构建的亲缘关系的树状图上均首先聚在一起，说明二者的亲缘关系很近，应属于种内群体间的关系；而W与S和G的遗传相似性系数均较小(0.7939和0.7941)，相对遗传距离很大而且十分相近(0.2308和0.2305)，在亲缘关系树状图上单独分出一支，也表明W与S和G群体间的亲缘关系较远。4.2 ITS序列比较分析通过对白壳文蛤、山东文蛤和广西文蛤的ITS序列扩增电泳、PCR-RFLP分析和ITS序列分析发现，W的ITS序列长度在1266-1269 bp，而S和与G的ITS序列总长度分别为1520 bp和1614 bp；从ITS1和ITS2长度来看，W分别为739-741 bp和316-317 bp，S为895 bp和414 bp，G为987 bp和416 bp；而从ITS碱基组成来看，W的GC含量在62.32-62.62%之间，而G群体为61.77%。W的3个壳色不同群体间的遗传距离仅0.001、0.002和0.003，S与G群体间的遗传距离是0.010，说明W群体内变异很小，而S与G群体间已出现明显的遗传分化，但还均属于种内群体间的遗传变异；而W与G和S的遗传距离分别达到0.110、0.147，两个类群差异显著，已远超出种内群体间的遗传变异。

The robustness is obtained thanks to the fact that some local mismatches in the approach are generally impossible to change the global correct matching trend The method can not only be used for sectional images matching in medical field as it did in the thesis, but can also be used in other fields, such as stereo vision [2] Distance transformation plays quite an important role in object thinning and skeletonization in image processing.

2〗距离变换是一种基本的图象处理工具，它在实现目标细化、骨架抽取等方面起到重要作用。作者提出了一种统一化的距离变换，它能够快速实现多种距离测度的距离变换。当进行欧氏距离变换时，其平均误差远远小于文献中现有的方法，并且出现误差的概率也大大地降低了。

Based on the analysis of bistatic SAR geometry model, bistatic SAR echoed signal is modeled in the double range variables domain in this paper, and the relationship between the double range variable domain and the single range variable domain is established. Then a range-dependent Doppler algorithm for imaging processing airborne bistatic SAR raw data of the translationally invariant configuration is derived, and the effect of error of the algorithm is analyzed by simulating.

摘要该文通过对机载双基地SAR非移变几何模型的分析，建立了双距离变量域的回波信号模型，由于回波数据是在距离和域，该文推导了距离和变量与双距离变量的转换关系，解决了该模型向距离和变量域转换的问题；提出了适用于非移变模式的变多普勒参数的双基地RD算法，并对该算法中引入变多普勒斜率所存在的误差进行了仿真分析。

In this paper,an uniform and intuitional method is given to get the spatial distance including the distance between the space point and the plane,the distance between the space point and the beeline,and two beelines which are not in the same plane.

点到平面的距离、点到直线的距离以及两条异面直线间的距离是空间解析几何部分要解决的3个距离问题，一般教材[1~2]都采用向量方法推导相应的距离公式。

The Hamming value of even bits Vh′ in DNA sequence represents the number of purine base and the Hamming value of odd bits Vh is the number of keto base.

7通过按位加运算求得DNA序列的汉明距离dh，碱基距离dh′，基团距离dh和共轭距离dG以及这些距离的意义与联系。

The root-cause for the synchronous error of multiple axes of the vehicle panoramic sight platform was found after analysis with the geometric method. Since the synchronous error is caused by the windage angle produced in the working process of the optoelectronic platform, the method to correct the angular deviation at any distance is proposed. The experiment for solving the problem was implemented. The experiment indicates that the method is valid.

针对车载周视观瞄平台异轴同步性问题采用几何作图法进行分析，得到异轴同步问题产生的根源是不同光电平台转动过程中由于存在偏差角所致，对校准距离情况下的角偏差，距离小于校准距离情况下的视差和距离大于校准距离情况下的角偏差在3中不同区间的修正方法进行分析并进行等效近似，给出程序实现方法，最后用实验验证了此方法的正确性。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。