跗跖骨

The avian tarsometatarsus distinguished from the tarsus and metatarsus of other quadruped by its unique characteristic of structure.

鸟类跗跖骨是鸟类后肢骨骼的重要组成部分，也是鸟类后肢运动系统中较为关键的结构。

This paper focuses on the morphology of the distal tarsometatarsus of birds.The tarsometatarsi of 154 specimens of living birds belonging to 15 orders were measured although over 200 specimens were examined.

本文以鸟类的跗跖骨为研究对象，共观察了200余例有代表性的现生鸟类标本，并对其中15个目中的154例标本进行了多组数据的测量。

The tarsometatarsus is an important component of the avian hindlimb, it is well known that the morphology of avian tarsometatarsus is a useful indicator of the locomotion and habit of a bird.

跗跖骨是鸟类后肢骨骼的重要组成之一，其形态特征对恢复鸟类的行为和习性具有重要的指示意义。

Statistic analysis of the morphology of the distal tarsometatarsus of extant birds was conducted.

还将跗跖骨各形态特征进行量化分析研究，引入相关分析和因子分析等统计分析方法。

There were distinct differences between ecological habit and the pattern of adaptation of birds of the different species,moreover, the diversity of shape and structure of corresponding tarsometatarsus had differentiated,so the choice of adaptability of avian tarsometatarsus and its corresponding functional behavior had come into being.

不同类型鸟类之间的生态习性和适应形式相互间存在明显的差异，而与之相对应的跗跖骨的形态结构也产生了多样性分异，形成了鸟类跗跖骨形态结构与对应功能行为的适应性选择。

There were distinct differences between ecological habit and the pattern of adaptation of birds of the different species,moreover,the diversity of shape and structure of corresponding tarsometatarsus had differentiated,so the choice of adaptability of avian tarsometatarsus and its corresponding functional behavior had come into being.

鸟类跗跖骨的形态结构表现不仅在脊椎动物中较为特殊，而且在鸟类家族中相互间也存在较大的差异，一方面体现了鸟类跗跖骨形态的多样性，同时也直接影响到鸟类的行为功能的相异性。

Research on the diversity of shape and structure of avian tarsometatarsus,not only did it present evidences to realize the ecological habit of birds of different species,but made the knowledge of functional behavior of avian hindlimbs perfect progressively also.

不同类型鸟类跗跖骨的形态多样性分异反映了鸟类对外界环境的选择性适应。1鸟类跗跖骨的特征1·1鸟类跗跖骨的组构在鸟类后肢骨骼系统中，其下端的跗跖骨为一块愈合完整的骨骼，这亦成为鸟类特有的骨骼结构，与其他四足动物(跗骨、跖骨由多块分离的骨骼组成)明显不同，鸟类由于飞行使得

The tibiotarsus of hindlimbs of typical terrestrial birds with the characteristic accustomed to walk and run is the longest, and its tarsometatarsus is longer than the femur; while the tibiotarsus of hindlimbs of typical arboreal birds with the characteristic of perching, jumping is the longest, and its femur is longer than the tarsometatarsus; the contrast of length of femur and tarsometatarsus of raptores change between the two former types of birds because its life habit is intervenient of them.

习于地面行走、奔跑为特征的典型地栖鸟类，后肢骨骼中胫跗骨最长，其次跗跖骨长度大于股骨；而以树上栖息、跳跃为特征的典型树栖鸟类，后肢骨骼中胫跗骨最长，而股骨长度大于跗跖骨；猛禽类因生活习性介于前两类鸟类之间，故股骨与跗跖骨长度比较也是在二者之间变化的。

Correlation analysis and factor analysis indicated that two principal components were derived with each comprising 3 variables. The first principal component include the width of metatarsal trochlea II, III and IV; and the second principal component includes the relative height and anterior projection of metatarsal trochlea II compared to that of III, and relative anterior projection of metatarsal trochlea IV compared to that of III.

对现生鸟类跗跖骨5组（12个）变量进行分析，研究各变量间的相关程度，对变量进行主成分分析提取出2个主成分，其中第1主成分包括第II，III，IV三个跖骨的宽度变量；第2主成分包括：第II跖骨滑车相对于第III跖骨滑车的上下及前后位置两变量，以及第IV跖骨滑车相对于第III跖骨滑车的前后位置变量。

Measurements of the length of the hindlimb bones indicated that the tibiotarsus is invariably the largest among the three major leg bones.

即在所有鸟类的后肢骨骼中，胫跗骨的长度占3块骨骼的比例为最大；地栖鸟类后肢骨骼中股骨的长度要短于跗跖骨；树栖鸟类后肢骨骼中股骨的长度要长于跗跖骨。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。