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The results showed as follow:①Chinese astringent persimmon were climacteric respiration fruit, the respiration climacteric stage occurred at speediness softening stage. Ethylene climacteric stage and respiration climacteric stage were almost occurred at one time.②The activities of EXP, PG, PE, CX all had increased, and EXP increased early with PG, PE, CX in turn in persimmon fruit during ripening and softening.③Concomitancy to fruit softening, ultrastructural changes in the mesocarp tissue were occurred at speediness softening stage, showed as disaggregation of middle layer of cell wall, appearance of fibre-like structures, disorganization of chloroplast and distortion of some mitochondria.

研究结果显示：①中国涩柿属呼吸跃变型果实，在其快速软化期出现呼吸跃变；乙烯跃变与呼吸跃变几乎同期出现；②在成熟软化过程中，EXP、PG、PE、CX的活性均有上升，EXP活性上升最早，随后依次是PG和PE、CX；PG活性上升幅度最大；③伴随果实软化，果肉组织超微结构在快速软化期中胶层解体、丝状体出现，叶绿体解体、部分线粒体变形；④1-MCP可延缓柿果实硬度下降，常温下延长保硬期5-7天。

Unfair distribution is a very practical question,张跃庆said that some relatively well-off housing units, and some people have several sets of family housing; Some units housing relatively tense, it was only a four square meters per capita, but also in Beijing this phenomenon is very prominent.

分配不公是一个很实际的问题，张跃庆说，一些相对富裕的公屋单位，以及一些人几套家庭住房；有的单位住房相对紧张，这只是一个4平方米人均，而且在北京这种现象是非常突出。

The deformed metal-SWNTs and metal-TCNTs can be transformed to semiconductor or insulator due to deformations resulting to variation of the atomic structure and the nearest-atom transfer integral having relation with the directions.Based on the Boltzmann transport equation and n - electronic energy dispersion relations for individual SWNTs, the theoretical model caculating the current and conductance of the SWNTs is deduced. The low-temperature conductances of undoping or doping SWNTs are studied numerically, the calculated results show that, for the doping SWNTs, the conductance is quantized, i.e.

我们从Boltzmann方程出发，并结合SWNTs的能量色散关系，导出了计算手性SWNTs电导或电流的理论模型，并分别对非掺杂和掺杂SWNTs的低温电导或电流进行数值计算，结果表明：对于非掺杂的SWNTs，其电导是量子化的，即电导随偏压或电子输运能量变化呈跃变的台阶式结构，这些结构随管径增大或温度升高变得不明显；对于掺杂SWNTs，当偏压为某些特定值V_i时，传导电流有跃变，且传导电流的大小、跃变周期及跃变幅度等不是完全由掺杂后的电子浓度决定的，而与管半径R及掺杂后Fermi能级附近的电子态密度有直接关系，随着温度的升高和管径的增大，跃变结构趋于平滑。

The four fluorescence peaks are generated separately by the combined actions of the methyl parathion and the acetone. In methyl parathion molecule, there are the transition of n electrons in nitryl, the transition of π electronic structure formed by the oxygen atom and the benzene ring and the transition of n electrons in P=O group. In acetone molecule, there is the transition of n electrons in C=O group.

分析得到，四处荧光峰分别是溶剂丙酮分子中C=O上的n电子跃迁、硝基上的n电子跃迁、甲基对硫磷分子中氧原子与苯环形成的大共轭π电子结构跃迁以及P=S上的n电子跃迁共同作用产生。

The energy levels of free metallic ion were calculated with a 13 parameters model including the 2-body and 3-body interactions. The Stark energy levels of crystal field were calculated using the model proposed by Newman based on 1 electron orbital approximation The f-f oscillator strength calculation includes the contribution of electrostatic-induced, ligand polarization, vibronic-induced, magnetic dipolar transitions.

其中，自由f离子能级计算采用包括双电子与叁电子组态相互作用的二三参数模型，晶体场Stark分裂计算采用单电子轨道近似，用Newman角叠加模型计算晶体场参数。f-f跃迁振子强度计算包括静电诱导偶极跃、配体极化偶极跃、振动诱导电偶极跃迁及磁偶极跃迁的贡献。

Therelationship between the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate,whichis widely used to parameterize the dissipation rate in turbulence closure models,is found to hold well for both reversing and rotating flows,but with differentcoefficients.Microstructure profiling measurements at two comparative stations (a deepercentral basin and a local shelf break) in the stratified Yellow Sea are analyzed,with emphasis on tidal and internal-wave induced turbulence near the bottomand in the pyenocline.The water column has a distinct three-layer thermohaline structure,consisting of weakly stratified surface and bottom boundary layers anda narrow sharp pycnocline.Turbulence in the surface layer is controlled by thediurnal cycle of buoyancy flux and wind forcing at the sea surface.while thebottom stress induced by barotropic tidal eurrents dominates turbulence in thebottom boundary layer.The maximum level at which the tidally enhanced mixingcan affect generally depends on the magnitude of the tidal current,and it canbe up to 10-15 m in the Yellow Sea.This suggests that,in the deeper regionsof the shelf seas,turbulent dissipation and mixing are very weak at the levelsbetween the near-bottom tidally enhanced layer and the pycnocline.Therefore,these levels provide a significant bottle neck for the vertical exchanges.In theshallow regions,however,the tidally-induced turbulence can occupy the wholewater colum below the pycnocline.A quarter-diurnal periodicities of the turbulentdissipation rate and eddy diffusivity are found at different heights with evidenttime lag.In the relatively flat central basin,the pycnocline is essentially non-turbulent and internal-wave activity is very weak.Therefore,vertical fluxes acrossthe pycnocline decreased to molecular levels.In contrast,internal waves of variousperiods can be always found near the local shelf break.

对强层化季节黄海两对比性站位(分别位于中央海盆区与局地陆坡区)处层化、内波以及湍流混合特征的研究结果表明：1、强层化季节的陆架海水体一般呈现显著的三层热盐结构，在水体近乎混合均匀的上混合层与潮流底边界层之间为强跃层；2、近表层水体的湍流混合强度主要由海表浮力通量的日变化与海表风强迫控制，而在潮流底边界层内，潮混合是水体热量、物质、动量与能量垂直交换的主要机制；3、潮混合影响的深度由潮流大小决定，在黄海，一般可达10-15 m，因此，在水深较深的区域，在跃层与潮混合所至深度范围的上界之间存在湍流混合非常弱的区域，这显著抑制水体内物质的垂直通量，为物质垂直交换的瓶颈，而在水深较浅的区域，潮混合影响范围可至跃层底部，因此物质在跃层以下整个水体中混合非常均匀，当跃层内间歇性强混合发生时，可以产生显著的跨跃层物质输运；4、近底潮致强湍流耗散缓慢地向上传播，底上不同深度处垂直湍扩散系数也具有显著的位相差异，且二者均随时间呈现四分之一周日周期的变化；5、在地形较为平坦的中央海盆区，内波活动非常微弱，因此跃层内湍流混合非常弱，垂直扩散系数为分子扩散水平，跨跃层物质通量受到显著抑制，而在地形变化较为显著的局地陆坡区，内波活动非常活跃，除内潮的影响外，高频内波与内孤立波的影响也很显著，因此跃层内存在很强的间歇性强混合，内孤立波存在的区域，水体湍流混合显著增强。

In chapter two,we review and develop mechanism for three cooperativetransitions,including the cooperative electronic transition of two RE ions,external and internal vibronic transitions.We explain the principle of thesecooperative transitions and obtain,the relations between the oscillator strengthof these transitions and other parameters.

第二章回顾、总结和发展了几种联合跃迁，包括稀土离子对的联合电子跃迁、内电子振动跃迁和外电子振动跃迁的量子力学理论，解释了这些联合跃迁产生的机理，得到了其跃迁的振子强度同各种因素的关系。

Finally, the thesis analyzes statistical laws of the maximum saltating height and saltating length of saltating sand grains and they follow Gamma function distribution. This is consistent with the results of water-sand motion. It shows that statistical laws of saltating height and saltating length of saltating sand grains are independent of the medium of flow. It is possible the nature of saltating sand grains.

最后，分析了沙粒跃移距离、跃移高度的相对量的统计规律，认为它们均服从Gamma函数分布，与在含沙水流中的研究结果一致，说明沙粒跃移运动的跃移高度与跃移距离的统计规律与流场、所处的介质无关，这可能是沙粒跃移运动的本质所在。

The results of calculations showed that the maximum increments in saltation height and horizontal distance due to the Magnus force were 10.2 and 24.9%, respectively, and that both increments increased with increasing lift-off angle. The maximum increments in saltation height and horizontal distance of sand grains caused by the Saffman force were only 4.6 and 3.7%, respectively. The vertical concentration distribution of Aeolian sand flow follows exponential function distribution whether or not force analysis of saltating sand grains includes Magnus and Saffman force. The effect of Magnus and Saffman force on the vertical concentration distribution of Aeolian sand current makes the rate decrease near sand bed and it is consistent with the effects of Magnus and Saffman force on the saltation height and distance of sand grains.

Magnus力对跃移高度和水平距离产生的最大增量分别可达到10.2%和24.9％，这两个增量均随起跃角度的增加而增大；Saffman力对跃移高度和水平跃移距离产生的最大增量分别为4.6%和3.7%；是否考虑Magnus与Saffman力，风沙流垂向质量百分浓度均服从指数函数分布，Magnus与Saffman力使得风沙流垂向质量百分浓度较不考虑它们的作用呈现出底层的比例较小，上层较大，Magnus与Saffman力对跃移高度的影响基本与其对风沙流垂向质量分布的影响一致，不过Magus力对风沙流垂向质量百分浓度分布影响较大，0-2cm范围内尤为强烈(7.16-10.81)，其他高度层(2-20 cm)的影响相对较小(0-2.95)。

In chapter 2 and 3, experimentally, using the Angular-Resolved high-resolution fast Electron Energy Loss Spectrometer , at the condition of 2. 5 keV incident energy and 50-60 meV energy resolution, we measured the Optical Oscillator Strength Density Spectra for the excitations of 4p, 4s or 3d electron. The oscillator strengths for excitations of the valent shell 4p electron were obtained, and comparisons were done between presently experimental and previously experimental and theoretical results. The experimental results of different groups agree with each other approximately, but the semi-experientially theoretical results do not match with the experimental results. The delayed maximum in the photoabsorption spectra was discussed. It should arise from the transition of 4p→∈d. For the excitation of the inner-valent 4s electron, the discrepancies for the resonant structures in previous electron-impact results and photoionization results were clarified in present work, which confirms again that the fast electron impact method is suitable to measure the optical oscillator strengths. The autoionization Rydberg series 4s〓ns (n=5, 6, 7) and 4s〓nd (n=4, 5, 6, 7) were identified without ambiguity by the measurement at 0°, 2° and 4°scattering angles. The energy levels and natural widths of the excitations of Kr3d and Ar2p inner shell, including optically allowed and forbidden transitions, were determined. The widths of these inner shell excitations are nearly the same, which was interpreted by the Resonant Auger effect .

在第二章和第三章，实验上，使用角分辨的高能量分辨快电子能量损失谱仪，在2.5keV电子入射能量和50-60meV能量分辨下，测量了Kr原子由价壳层4p到内价壳层4s，再到内壳层3d电子激发的光学振子强度密度谱；得到了价壳层4p电子激发束缚态的光学振子强度，与前人实验和半经验理论结果作了细致的比较，说明几家实验是比较符合的，但半经验的理论计算存在问题；分析了光吸收谱中的延迟极大现象，说明在第一电离阈值以上几个eV范围内的极大值源于4p→εd跃迁产生的延迟极大；对于内价壳层4s激发的自电离区，澄清了前人实验中电子碰撞方法和光学方法在共振结构上存在差异的问题，再一次肯定了快电子碰撞方法是获得绝对光学振子强度的一种好方法；通过在非0°散射角的测量（如2°和4°），清楚地标识了4s电子激发的光学禁戒跃迁自电离里德堡系列4s〓ns（n=5，6，7）和4s〓nd（n=4，5，6，7）；通过在0°和4°散射角的测量，观测并标识了几个新的内壳层光学禁戒跃迁能级，得到了Kr原子3d和Ar原子2p内壳层激发态（包括光学允许和禁戒跃迁形成的）的能级位置和自然宽度，用共振俄歇效应解释了这些内壳层激发态（不管是光学允许还是禁戒跃迁产生的）的自然宽度彼此比较接近的原因。

By using competitive adsorption of activated carbom to remove unfavorable influence of carbon in carbonaceous gold concentrate on leaching process, the leaching rate of gold concentrate can be improved to 88% as compared with 10%by direct cyanidation.

本文论述了利用活性炭竞争吸附作用，消除含炭金精矿中炭在浸出过程中的影响，使金精矿的浸出率可由直接氰化的10％提高到88％。

The only thing you're ever gonna be king of is King of the Stupids!

你只配做傻瓜的国王！