起始的

They all contain 13 protein coding gene,2 rRNA gene,22 tRNA gene and 1 D-Loop.The base composition for the four nucleotides is A-32.0%,C-27.6%,G-14.7%,T-25.8%,And it is A-32.5%,C-26.9%,G-14.1%,T-26.5%for Yellow-throated Marten.But there are some definite differences in base composition,the using of Initiation codon and Stop codon,and the mode of repeat sequences in control region.The codon usages of Manes have bias,and the ttiird locations of codon of protein-coding genes have the higher frequency in using A and C.There may be some relativity with the content of A and C in D-loop,namely,it has relation with the mode of repeat sequences.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Sable and Yellow-throated Marten were submitted to GenBank,and the accession number are FJ429093 and FJ719367 respectively.3、The complete mitochondrial genome of 6 other species of Mustelidae from GenBank and some sequences of D-loop from the 6 species were aligned.

分析紫貂大兴安岭亚种、长白山亚种、阿尔泰亚种和北欧亚种间的基因流及进化历史得知：大兴安岭种群与新疆种群和长白山种群间的基因流水平最高(Nm=0.1260和0.1427)，新疆与长白山种群间最低Nm=0.0053紫貂种群在进化过程中可能发生过种群膨胀，经历过种群增长过程。2、对紫貂和黄喉貂的线粒体全基因组结构进行分析发现：全长分别为16 523bp和16549bp，均包含13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个非编码序列区(D-Loop区，紫貂全序列中碱基组成为A-32.0%，C-27.6%，G-14.7%，T-25.8%，黄喉貂为A-32.5%，C-26.9%，G-14.1%，T-26.5%；基因排列顺序与日本貂和貂熊的一致，但碱基组成、起始密码子和终止密码子的使用及控制区中串联重复序列模式等均存在一定差异。

The results show that the PSD fractal dimension of Light chestnut soil, Yellow cultivated loessial soil, Orthic dark locssial soil, Orthic cinnamon soil (stratified old manured loessial soil), Fluvo-aquic soil, Orthic gray desert soil, Orthic black soil, Orthic yellow-brown earth, Orthic yellow earth, Orthic ted earth and Orthic lateritic red...

结合上壤颗粒表面分形特性及土壤粘附的基本原理，探讨了土壤PSD分维对土壤—固体表面粘附行为的影响。PSD分维高的土壤与固体表面粘附力大，与固体表面发生明显粘附的起始含水量提高，发生明显粘附的含水量区间增宽。

The random errors of main factors in flood regulation process are identified; and combining flood forecast, the randomnesses of main parameters such as initial reservoir level, inflow flood, outflow flood, etc., are analyzed. By using the first order second moment method and theoretic distribution, the random distributions of parameters are described then the routing process of a certain preflood limit water level is random, which can well reflect the random preflood influences in actual regulation.

对防洪调度过程各主要相关参数进行了随机误差识别，结合洪水预报对起始水位、人库洪水、泄流等主要参数的随机性进行分析，应用一次二阶矩法和相应的理论分布函数描述事件的随机分布，对应某一汛限水位的调洪过程不再是一确定过程，而是具有随机分布特性，反映了实际防洪调度中各随机因素的影响作用。

The friable embryogenic callus with small grains and without proembryo formation was screened in the process of continuous subcultures for 4~6 times on the medium with low content of sucrose from embryogenic cultures induced from immature embryos in litchi (Litchi chinensis Soon.). The well-scattered embryogenic cell suspensions could be rapidly established from the friable embryogenic callus in 2 liquid initial MS media respectively supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg/L or 2,4-D 2 mg/L, KT1 mg/L and AgNO3 5 mg/L shaking at 100~120 r/min within 10-14 days.

荔枝幼胚诱导的胚性培养物在低糖条件下连续继代4~6次左右，可筛选到颗粒细小、不含原胚的松散型胚性愈伤组织；以这种松散的胚性愈伤组织作为起始材料，在附加2，4-D 2mg/L或2，4-D 2mg/L、KT1 mg/L、AgNO3 5mg/L的MS液体启动培养基上振荡培养（100~120 r/min）10~14 d，即可建立起分散性良好的胚性悬浮细胞系。

Seaborne Liquefied Natural Gas is an industry of high risk. Stevedoring operation of LNG is the key tache that being at the begning and the end of transportation at sea.

液化天然气海上运输是一种高风险的行业，液化天然气的装卸作业是海上运输起始和终止的关键环节，其安全性直接影响液化天然气海上运输事业的健康发展，对于液化天然气的安全利用起着决定性作用。

In this study, new benzo[l,2,3]thiadiazole derivatives were designed according to relationship of structure and efficacy. The 9 novel compounds were synsthesized with following reactions. The chlorine atom in 2-chloro-3,5-dinitro-benzoic acid as beginning raw material was substituted by 2-methylpropane-2-thiol, esterified then with bromoethane, reduced by iron powder and cyclized to obtain ethyl benzo[l,2,3]thiadiazole-7 after diazonation reation.

本论文根据苯并噻二唑诱导剂的构效关系设计了新的苯并噻二唑的结构，并合成了9个未见文献报道的化合物，合成步骤如下：采用2-氯-3，5-二硝基苯甲酸为起始原料，苯环上的氯原子被叔丁基硫醇置换，羧酸由溴乙烷酯化，硝基由铁粉还原，随后经重氮化关环生成苯并[1，2，3]噻二唑-7-羧酸乙酯。

By following the "self-assisted molecular editing" protocol first established in our labs,a number of Aphos ligands were efficiently prepared from a single starting material and they were screened for catalytic efficacy, leading to the discovery of the best-performing Aphos appended with a 3-nitrophenyl group at the C4 position.Combination of this Aphos with Pd_2 offers a precatalyst for successful cross-coupling of unactivated aryl chlorides with aryl boronic acids at room temperature.The reactions took place under mild basic conditions to produce the products in high yields.

通过我们首次提出的&自助分子剪裁&的概念从单一起始物快速合成和筛选了一系列膦配体，并发现C4位含3-硝基苯基的的膦配体和醋酸钯联用可以在室温下顺利地催化不活泼氯代芳烃和芳基硼酸的偶联反应，反应条件温和且产物收率很高。

The optimum reaction condition for preparation of CoPcY is as follows: a , using CoCl2 as the exchanged salt ; b , complexation temperature of 180 ; c . complexation catalyst of NH4C1 and A1C13 .2, The unsymmetrically substituted cobalt phthalocyanine complexes were synthesized by statistical condensation of phthalic anhydride and tetrabromophthalic anhydride, and further immobilized in MCM-41 molecular sieves by zeolite synthesis method, as well as characterized by XRD,FT-IR,DRS, 1HNMRetc. The catalytic property of CoPcBrx/MCM-41was tested by cyclohexane oxidation using H2O2 or t-BOOH as oxidant.

2采用本路线制备CoPcY的最佳条件为：a、采用氯化钴作为待交换的金属盐；b、络合温度以180℃为宜；c、起始反应物为苯酐、尿素、氯化铵、氯化铝、CoY时，制备出的CoPcY的催化性能最好； 2、首次采用苯酐和四溴苯酐均相浓缩统计合成法制得了不对称取代的金属钴酞菁络合物，并采用~1HNMR、FTIR、DRS等对其进行了结构表征；此外，采用沸石合成法将其固定于MCM-41中孔分子筛，并对其催化性能进行了考察。

The active contour model is a powerful image segmentation method for representing image contour, but it has three severe difficulties. First, active contour model highly depends on its initial position. Second, active contour model lacks the ability to handle boundary concavities.

动态轮廓模型(active contour model； ACM)是一种功效强大的影像分割描绘方法，但却具有三个严重的缺点：第一、此模型非常依赖待描绘图形的起始位置，第二、此模型缺乏进入图形凹陷处的能力，第三、此模型有停滞在局部能量极小值的倾向。

In this article, the factors that affect molecular weight and solubility of polyacrylamide are studied and suitable initiator system is selected. The optimum parameters of copolymerizing process are obtained as follows: the molar proportion of acrylamide and sodium acrylate is 7:3, the monomer concentration is 30%, pH value of solution is 12, the oxidizer (K2S2O8) concentration is 0.1%, the reducing agent (NH2CONH2) concentration is 1%, the chain-transfer agent concentration is 0.4%. The initial reaction temperature is 35℃.

讨论了影响聚丙烯酰胺分子量和溶解性能的因素，选取了合适的氧化-还原引发体系，确定了制备超高分子量速溶型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的优化聚合工艺参数：起始共聚合反应温度为35℃，保持在密闭条件下的共聚合反应2.5h后，再将聚合反应温度升高到55℃，继续反应2h，反应结束；反应溶液单体总浓度：30％，共聚合反应溶液pH值：12，氧化剂K_2S_2O_8：0.1％，还原剂NH_2CONH_2：1％，共聚合反应中两种单体的投料比：丙烯酰胺：丙烯酸钠=7：3，异丙醇链转移剂：0.4％。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。