起始的

The promoter is typically haloarchaeal, but the start site of transcription is only seven bases from the 5'end of the initiator AUG codon, making the halC8 transcript another example of a"leadless transcript"in the haloarchaea.

它的-29～-24位置上是一"TATA"box序列，为典型的嗜盐古菌启动子；它的转录起始位点距离"ATG"只有7个核苷酸，也是典型的嗜盐古菌的"leadless transcript"。

The first one is capital barrier, which means a large amount of initial capital for the perfect monopolizer. This prevents the common enterprise from entrance. The second is the technical barrier, i.e. the monopolizer is in control of certain technology and knack while other enterprises not, and then the market naturally become a monopoly market. Scale economy is the most studied technical barrier. The third one is law barrier, i.e. some exclusive patent rights are protected by the law. For example, patent and copyright are the monopolizations protected by the law. The fourth one is tactic barrier, even without any of the above mentioned barriers; it can also set up barriers through other ways, such as huge amount of advertisement investment.

首先是资本壁垒，即完全垄断企业的起始资本量很大，因此一般的企业难以进入；其次是技术性壁垒，即垄断者掌握了某种生产技术和诀窍，其他企业则没有，这个市场也就自然成了垄断市场，规模经济是一种被研究得最多的技术性壁垒；第三是法律壁垒，有些独家经营的特权是由法律所规定并受到法律保护的，专利和版权就是法律特许的垄断；第四是策略性壁垒，企业即使没有上述三种壁垒，也可以通过其他方式高筑壁垒，例如巨额广告投入。

Films as diverse as Hiroshima, Mon Amour and Hatari, Breathless and Blow-Up, The Savage Innocents and Fahrenheit 451, 2001: A Space Odyssey and Playtime, Contempt and The Rise of Louis XIV were virtually defined by their multinational elements and sentiments; and for the first time since the 20s--barring perhaps only the impact of Italian neorealism in the 40s-Hollywood styles of filmmaking were fundamentally overturned by new developments from abroad.

电影五花八门：《广岛之恋》和《哈泰利》、《筋疲力尽》和《放大》、《雪海冰上人》和《华氏451》、《2001：太空漫游》和《玩乐时间》、《轻蔑》和《路易十四的崛起》，事实上都是依据它们所包含的多国元素和情感来进行阐释；就第一时期，从20年代起始--40年代所受到的可能也是唯一的意大利新现实主义影响除外--好莱坞电影制作形式基本上被国外的新发展所颠覆。

The structure gene pelA from Thermotoga maritima MSB8 encoding pectate lyase was amplified and ligated into pHsh, resulting pHsh-pelA. Through structural optimization on pHsh-pelA, the ultimate plasmid, pHsh-pelC, which possessed the most appropriate structure and free energy of mRNA, was obtained.

将来源于极端嗜热菌属海栖热袍杆菌Thermotoga maritima MSB8的编码碱性果胶裂解酶的结构基因pelA与新型热激质粒pHsh连接，得到重组质粒pHsh-pelA，运用mRNA二级结构预测软件对pHsh-pelA的翻译起始区的二级结构进行优化，得到了具有最佳mRNA二级结构及自由能的质粒pHsh-pelC。

Firstly,starting from 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propan-diol,synthesis of-pedamide was finished in 17 steps.The pyran ring was formed in a S_N2 substitution of hydroxyl and epoxide.

以新戊二醇为起始原料，通过基于分子内的羟基与环氧的S_N2亲核取代构筑吡喃环的方法，经过17步反应完成了外消旋的Pedamide的合成。

Methods Twenty-two pieces of temporal bone were taken for this study. The mastoid cavity was opened, scutum removed,"bridge" broken down, posterior wall of external auditory canal abraded and the related anatomic structures were fully exposed. The distance between the origin of facial nerve canal and the anterior border of round window （ OOFNC-ABORW ）, between the highest point of the facial nerve canal and the bottom of posterior mastoid sinus,and between the stapes head and round window niche was measured under operating microscope.

方法取成人颞骨22侧（左右各11侧），用耳科钻磨开乳突腔，去上鼓室盾板、断"桥"，磨低骨性外耳道后壁，充分暴露相关结构，在手术显微镜下测量面神经管垂直段起始部前缘至圆窗龛前缘的距离、面神经管最高点与后鼓室底壁之间的距离、锥隆起的高度（即锥隆起基底到锥隆起顶端的距离）、镫骨头至圆窗龛前缘的距离。

They, respectively, pointed out the basic idea of campus architectural design: 1 campus architecture is the reflection of educational ideas, that is, the architectural explanation for the occurance of teaching and learning; 2 campus architecture is like a semi-detached small city and society.

这两位分别站在现代主义起始点与终点的建筑先哲，指明了校园建筑设计的两个基本理念：一是校园建筑对教育理念和教育精神的反映，也即是对"教授"行为发生的建筑阐释；二是校园建筑是一个半独立的小型城市、小型社会。

It is concluded that the electronic specific heat coefficient serves as the important factor to verify the existence of pseudogap.

本文的研究表明，在电子对形成的起始温度和超导转变温度之间这一不同寻常的中间温区，赝隙的变化是连续的。

In Chapter 5 a group of total differential equations for the design of capillarysuction tube with heat recovery exchanger is presented. The calculation results and factors having great influence on the results are given and discussed.

第五章建立了毛细管回热器设计计算的常微分方程组，分析了有关参数取值对计算结果的影响，讨论了当回热段全部或主要处于汽液两相区域时，回热的起始位置、换热温差等因素对于计算结果的影响非常敏感的原因。

The general formulas of these compounds are as follows:The strobilurin derivatives were synthesized from substitutedβ-keto esters (2) as starting material which were prepared from substituted ketones (1) and dimethyl carbonate. The ester (2) and methyl hydrazine or substituted amidine were dissolved in methanol and the mixture was heated to reflux to obtain the substituted 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole (3) or 4-hydroxy-pyrimidine (4). The title compounds were prepared by reacting the intermediates (3 and 4) with substituted halomethylphenyls which contain four active group under basic conditions.

本论文所合成的strobilurin化合物均是以β-酮酸酯类化合物(2)为起始原料合成的，该中间体(2)是由酮类化合物(1)与碳酸二甲酯在碱性条件下反应生成的，中间体(2)与甲基肼或取代脒类化合物在甲醇中回流制得取代的1H-5-羟基吡唑(3)或4-羟基嘧啶(4)，中间体(3和4)再与包含四种活性基的苄卤中间体在碱性条件下制得目标化合物。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。