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Shadow effect can not be neglected for thermal analysis of spacecraft,Accroding to the angle between solar light and antenna orbit plane and its orbit location,analytical geometry method was used for accurately calculating solar radiation heat flux distribution of reflector surfaces.To analyze the temperature field under heat flux,the formulations of net radiation flux density between two gray elements and the net flux density of gray surface under external thermal flux were deduced.Based on the characteristic of space environment,the nonlinear temperature distribution in transverse direction of reflector shell self radiation were considered,the finite element formulations were given for orthogonal material layered shell by Galerkin method.A layered element including a inner heat source layer was proposed,and the finite element formulation expressed by DOF of the inner heat source layer were put forward with temperature and heat flux boundarys between adjacent layer.

单馈反射面赋形天线是未来星载天线发展的一个重要形式，分析了基于物理光学、几何光学和几何绕射理论的理想反射面辐射场；介绍了基于几何光学的反射面天线赋形方法；针对赋形过程中辐射场的快速分析要求，比较分析了基于物理光学的Fourier-Bessel和Jacobi-Bessel级数展开方法以及GB展开分析方法；利用GB展开快速分析方法在20GHz频率下对0.6m口径的天线进行赋形分析，实现中国大陆的30dB增益覆盖，通过数值计算研究了固定增益期望下的口径尺寸随频率的变化，以及频率为20GHz的不同尺寸天线赋形后的覆盖目标区域最大增益的变化情况。

With the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a single statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment statements is handled the same way as normal assignments.

除了在一条语句中赋值给元组和多个对象的情况，增量赋值语句所完成的赋值用与普通赋值同样的方式处理。

Since convergencehas a close relationship with normed space itself, the definition which is normedspace (Y_1) stronger than normed space (Y_2), and normed space is presented innormed space for further research.

由于收敛性与赋范线性空间Y本身关系密切，文中引入了赋范线性空间Y_1强于赋范线性空间Y_2的定义，并将赋范线性空间Y具体到赋范线性空间l_p中进行研究。

The study aims 1 to compare the performance of the rule-based tagger with that of the probability-based tagger; 2 to find out whether the performance of POS taggers is significantly affected by the quality of learnerlanguage; and 3 to discover typical errors of both types of POS taggers.

研究的目的在于：1比较基于规则的词性赋码器和基于概率的词性赋码器对中国英语学习者书面语的适用度；2考察学生作文质量对赋码准确率是否有显著影响；3分析两类词性赋码器在处理学习者语言时所暴露出来的弱点。

Results of the study indicate that the probability-based tagger outperforms the rule-based tagger, and that the probability-based tagger yields an accuracy comparable to that achieved when the tagger is used to tag English native speakers' texts. It is also found that the rule-based tagger does not perform stably, and that its accuracy is often affected by the quality of learner language.

研究发现，作为一种基于概率的自动词性赋码器，CLAWS7具有较为可靠的性能，其赋码准确率基本达到该工具为英语母语进行词性赋码时的水平，而作为一种基于规则的词性赋码器，Brill的赋码准确率不够稳定，受学习者语言质量特别是语言错误的影响较大。

The Brill POS tagger and the CLAWS POS tagger were used to tag a group of high-proficiency learner texts and a group of low-proficiency learner texts, and tagging accuracy was then calculated.

研究中使用Brill词性赋码器和CLAWS7词性赋码器分别为一组高分作文和一组低分作文进行自动词性赋码，并统计赋码的准确率。

In this study, the brill pos tagger and the claws7 pos tagger have been used to assign pos tags to the same set of transcribed spoken data produced by a high-proficiency group and a low-proficiency group of efl learners. the pos tags have then been manually examined, and the success rates of the taggerscompared.

本研究采用brill和claws7两种词性赋码器分别为高低分组学习者口语语料进行自动赋码，统计赋码准确率，并比较两种赋码器对学习者口语特征的处理能力，目的在于考察基于规则的词性赋码器和基于概率的词性赋码器对学习者口语语料进行自动词性赋码的适用度，以期为中介语口语的句法特点研究提供依据。

Therefore elephant souls are ensouling the elephant kingdom; lion souls the lion kingdom; dolphin and whale souls the dolphin and whale kingdom; plant and tree souls the plant kingdom; mineral souls the mineral kingdom; and human souls the human kingdom.

因此，大象灵魂正在赋灵于大象王国，狮子灵魂正在赋灵于狮子王国，海豚鲸鱼灵魂正在赋灵于海豚鲸鱼王国，植物树木灵魂正在赋灵于植物树木王国，矿物灵魂正在赋灵于矿物王国，人类灵魂正在赋灵于人类王国。

Based on fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation, the toxicity of heavy metals was taken into account. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results by pollutant concentration exceeding standard weighting method, toxic response coefficient heck-stepping index weighting method and heavy metal toxicity sorting weighting method were compared with the potential ecological risk evaluation results. The research results showed that the evaluation results by toxic response coefficient back-stepping index weighting method could reflect the actual results more truly and accurately.

在模糊数学综合评价基础上，将重金属的毒性纳入权重考虑，通过污染物浓度超标赋权法、毒性响应系数反推指数赋权法和重金属毒性大小排序赋权法的模糊综合评价结果与潜在生态危害指数评价结果比较，研究表明毒性响应系数反推指数赋权法的评价结果更能真实准确地反映实际结果。

Findings of the study support liang's conclusion that the probability-based tagger is more viable and less affected by the proficiency level of the learners. besides, the taggers are also examined for their ability to handle spoken features in the texts. it is revealed that pauses, repetitions and sentence fragments in learners' transcribed spoken data seriously affect the performance of the rule-based tagger.

研究结果与梁茂成对中国学生书面语赋码准确率的考察结果基本一致，基于概率的词性赋码器更适用于为学习者口语语料进行自动赋码，赋码准确率较高且性能稳定，其赋码准确率受学习者口语语言水平影响不大，而基于规则的词性赋码器受学习者语言水平和口语特征（停顿、重复、缺乏语法性等）的影响较大。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。