贸易

Subsequently, through the dynamic mechanisms of investment, the endogenesis of price, consideration of the resource constraints and the alternativity between productive factors, this paper completed the historic simulation to update key data, then built the closure criteria for baseline simulation, combined the dynamic recursive methord, finally assessed the long-term impact for member states in terms of policy changes under 4 scenarios. Different to the analysis from perspective of comparative static, the assessment of long-term economic impact was started from the macroeconomic point of view and import and export trade to reflect the relationship between short-term influence and long-term impact under 4 kinds of possible policy changes.

首先从CGE模型传统的比较静态的框架下，就GDP、贸易规模、双边贸易、贸易结构及产出水平、国民福利等方面来阐释各政策情景产生的冲击效果；然后通过投资动态机制与价格的内生化，考虑资源限制及生产要素间的替代性，以逐年递归动态求解方式，分国别从宏观经济、进出口贸易角度出发，对于成员国在政策变动后可能产生的远期影响进一步做出评估，以此来反映各种可能的政策变动对成员国经济的短期影响与长期影响之间的关系。

This article split into five chapters altogether. It has gone on with deep analyses of concept, characteristics, generant background, trend of development and impact on international trade and so on of the technical barriers to trade, and introduced instances of the technical barriers to trade in major developed countries such as EU countries, United States and Japan, etc. On that basis, the article has analyzed the status quo of meeting with impact of foreign technical barrier measure by our country since joining in WTO.

本文全文共分为五章，对技术性贸易壁垒的概念、特点、产生的背景、发展趋势、对国际贸易的影响等进行了深入的分析，并且介绍了欧盟、美国、日本等主要发达国家的技术性贸易壁垒情况，在此基础上，分析了我国加入WTO后所遭遇国外技术性贸易壁垒影响的现状，最后，结合笔者所在部门的工作实际，提出了应对之策。

China's processing trade begun in the late of 1970s.In August, 1978,the first material process agreement was signed in Guangdong province, and the first processing trade corporation was established in Zhuhai, herefrom, China's processing trade began its development. In the two decades, gradually our processing trade held important situation in the field of foreign trade.

我国的加工贸易始于上世纪七十年代末。1978年8月，广东省签订第一份来料加工协议，在珠海创办我国第一家加工贸易企业，从此开始了我国加工贸易的发展。20多年来，我国加工贸易从无到有，从小到大，在我国对外贸易中的地位日益显著。

Themeasures involves how to hasten sustainable developments of the import trade andexport trade of China, that off-shore trade, green trade, foreign investment, processingtrade and e-business should be developed greatly and that regional cooperation ineconomy and trade should be enforced.

战略措施包括进、出口贸易的可持续发展措施以及大力发展离岸贸易、绿色贸易、海外投资、加工贸易、电子商务以及加强区域经贸合作等。

Japan semiconductor tradeconflict in 1980s and the making of North American Free Trade Agreement in early 1990s, the thesis aims to demonstrate the application of role theory, the bureaucratic politics and the interbranch politics models in examining a bureaucratic agency's role in the process of trade policymaking.

通过对贸易代表办公室在上世纪八十年代美日半导体贸易冲突和九十年代北美自由贸易协定制定过程中所起作用的两个案例分析，作者旨在证明运用角色理论、官僚政治模式和跨机构政治模式讨论决策机构在贸易决策过程所起作用的可行性。

The thesis concludes that the USTR Office is able to build a winning coalition with other bureaucratic agencies, members of Congress and major interest groups against others to formulate a trade policy consistent with its bureaucratic position and thus fulfill its role as a coordinator and trade warrior. Therefore, it once again demonstrates the application of role theory, the bureaucratic politics and the interbranch politics models in examining a bureaucratic agency's role in the process of trade policymaking.

最后本文的结论是美国贸易代表办公室能充分发挥其协调员和贸易卫士的角色，通过联合某些官僚机构、国会成员和利益集团制定出有利于其机构利益的贸易政策，从而也证明了运用角色理论和这两种政治模式阐明贸易决策过程的可行性。

So, trade-enterprises must change managerial ideas, treat people, alter system structure, strengthen their information system. And deal with the relationship between Ec and Traditional Commerce correctly etc. After that, trade-enterprises may keep their advantages and madia status.

为此 ，贸易企业应立即转变观念，加快人才的培养和引进转变贸易企业现有组织结构的形式，加强贸易企业信息系统的建设，并处理好电子商务同传统商务形式的关系，才能维护并保持贸易企业的优势和中介地位

So, trade-enterprises must change managerial ideas,treat people, altersystem structure,strengthen their information system.And dealwith the relationship between Ec and Traditional Commercecorrectly etc.After that, trade- enterprises may keep theiradvantages and madia status.

为此，贸易企业应立即转变观念，加快人才的培养和引进转变贸易企业现有组织结构的形式，加强贸易企业信息系统的建设，并处理好电子商务同传统商务形式的关系，才能维护并保持贸易企业的优势和中介地位。

The chancws include reducing unequal phenomena in trade, reducing exchange rate risk, eliminating trade discrimination towad China, promoting Sino Euro pean trade brisk, and so on. The challenges include as follows.

欧元给中欧贸易带来的机遇主要表现在可以减少贸易中的不平等现象，减少汇率风险，取消对中国贸易的岐视，促进中欧贸易繁荣等方面。

Because the economy globalization is an uneven and unequal process, developing countries will face many difficulties in the tade liberalization, such as worsen trade conditions, more trade conflicts, etc. So, how to handle the challenge and to better push the trade liberalization became an urgent problem for developing countries in the economy globalization.

由于经济全球化是一个发展不平衡与不平等的过程，在发展中国家贸易自由化的道路上，也会面临许多问题，如贸易条件恶化、贸易摩擦加剧等，因此，在全球化进程中如何应对挑战，推动贸易自由化，成为发展中国家亟待解决的问题。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了