贷款

Convertible debenture loan investment 可转换债券贷款投资 convertible release (of 18% currency) Release by Bank member of its 18% currency for lending or relending, with permission granted to the Bank to exchange the 18% currency for the currency of any other member.

对18%的当地货币解除可转换限制世界银行会员国解除其作为贷款或再贷款之用的18%的当地货币的限制，允许世界银行把18%的本国货币转换成其他任何会员国的货币。

The loan risk must be prevented in every each of loan examining system: at acceptation stage, systems of evaluation of enterprise\s credit grade and region loan risk grade need to be established, and at evaluation stage, quantitative analysis of loan risk is needed, and the risk needs to be transferred of dispersed via sponsion and do on. The present loan risk can be dissolved via loan increment.

风险防范需从贷款审批制度的各个环节抓起；受理阶段要建立企业信用等级和地区行业贷款风险等级评估制度，评审阶段要定量分析贷款风险，通过担保等转移和分散风险；现有贷款风险通过增量贷款等方式化解。

Chapter two reviews the literature in this field. Chapter three and four point out the problems existing in our country's loan-loss provision accounting policy and practice. Chapter five to chapter eight systematically review the experiences of amphibolous, debate, conflict and harmonize process of ALLL standards in America since 1975, as well as the latest dynamics on the measurement model of loan asset. The problems, experience and lessons of the whole process are analyzed from the professional perspectives of accounting recognition, measurement and disclosure. Chapter nine gives some suggestions to our country's loan-loss provision accounting policy based on the American experience. Chapter ten concludes.

第二章对国内外有关贷款损失准备金问题的实证及规范研究进行了回顾；第三章和第四章分析归纳出我国在贷款损失准备金会计政策及计提实务中存在的若干问题；在第五至第八章从确认、计量和披露等角度系统回顾了美国1975年以来在贷款损失准备金会计政策问题上所经历的模糊、分歧、冲突与协调历程及其对银行稳健和信息透明的影响，并对其在贷款资产价值计量问题的上最新发展动态进行追索和讨论；第九章在借鉴美国经验的基础上，针对我国贷款损失准备金会计政策与实务中所存在的问题，提出若干政策建议；第十章给出本文结论。

In light of Principal-Agent Theory, the dissertation explores the "institution guarantee-government reguarantee " mode under Federal Family Education Loan Program and the Indonesian mode of "institution administration-mixed guarantee", analyzes the essential factors affecting the success of case programs and proposes the core contents of GSSL "higher education institutions-government guarantee" mechanism, which are: By referring to the GSSL coverage, loan amount and default rate in various higher education institutions, the government decides the proportion of taking default loan and shares with the institutions the collected default so as to motivate them to manage the GSSL in accordance with its goal of financial aid.

本文运用委托—代理理论，剖析美国联邦家庭教育贷款&机构担保—政府再担保&模式和印度尼西亚助学贷款&高校管理—混合担保&模式，分析案例项目成败的关键因素，提出了国家助学贷款&高校—政府担保&机制的核心内容：政府根据不同高校国家助学贷款的人数获贷率、金额满足度和拖欠率，来确定分担拖欠贷款的比例，并与高校分享追讨回来的拖欠贷款，以此激励高校按照政府的资助目标努力管理国家助学贷款。

In the first time ,we provide a loan, restrict examining system will have an intended or expected effect on preventing the no-performing loan, but less effect on rent-seeking while the loan is fine; in the following period, the income of risk reviewer is together with the quality of a loan ,when the loan is reapplied , the best choice is to reprovide,and take the income, reproviding and avoiding the penalty take the second place, refusing the loan takes the third place ,the worst choice is to reject the loan and accept the penalty.

第一次发放贷款时，我们加大对贷款质量的考核力度，会减少信贷人员在不良贷款种的寻租行为，防范发放不良贷款。面对正常贷款，信贷人员有很大倾向进行寻租，考核力度与是否寻租没有关系，形成了&贪赃&不&枉法&的格局；贷款发放，贷款质量与信贷人员的业绩完全挂钩。在同一个信贷人员管理的过程中，贷款偿还再贷时，当期实现的利益和面临的处罚集中在一个人的身上。

At present a country release of currency into circulation's channel mainly has:1st, the Central Bank buys the bank note issuing stock gol; 2nd, Central Bank purchases the reserve foreign exchange; 3rd, Central Bank purchases the national debt or gives the government to overdraw; 4th, Central Bank to each kind of Loan company provide loan, or buys up the national debt which, the Central Bank bill, the financial bond the Loan company has and so on, and provides the loan through the Loan company to the society; 5th, after Loan company deposit taking, besides deposits the Central Bank certain proportion the guaranty money for deposits or maintains certain deposit deposit, provides the loan to the society, and forms the loan delivery the multiplier effect; 6th, outside Central Bank's each kind of bank purchase national debt, enterprise bond as well as foreign exchange and so on.

目前一国货币投放的渠道主要有：1、中央银行购入发钞储备黄金；2、央行购买储备外汇；3、央行购买国债或给予政府透支；4、央行向各类贷款银行发放贷款，或者买入贷款银行持有的国债、央行票据、金融债券等，并通过贷款银行向社会发放贷款；5、贷款银行吸收存款后，除交存央行一定比例的存款保证金或保持一定的备付金存款外，向社会发放贷款，并形成贷款投放的乘数效应；6、央行外的各类银行购买国债、企业债券以及外汇等。

Loan portfolio 贷款组合例句:The course will be particularly useful for experienced staff with day-to-day administrative responsibility for loan portfolios.

对从事贷款组合业务日常管理的有经验的员工来说，这门课程特别实用。

"Guidelines" in particular the "land bank loans" concept, and land reserve loans from real estate development loans, clear land reserve loan is "paid to the borrower for the land acquisition and land pre-development, finishing the loans, land reserve loans the borrower is limited to a charge of land development agency."

&准则&特别是&土地银行贷款&的概念，土地储备贷款，房地产开发贷款，明确土地储备贷款是&支付给借款人的土地购置和土地预开发，整理的贷款，土地储备贷款的借款人仅限于负责土地开发机构。&

Reporter has learned that the Center and the Bank jointly launched the replacement of individual housing provident fund loan portfolio refers to the application for individual housing loans of the borrower, by the trustee bank to use bank funds to the borrower issuing bank commercial individual housing loans, by banks on behalf of the borrower to Kunming housing provident fund management center to apply for individual housing provident fund loans, agreed to by the management center for approval, the provident fund loans with bank loans Replacement "first trustee bank loans, after the replacement loan fund portfolio" of loans.

记者了解到，该中心和世界银行共同发起了更换个人住房公积金贷款业务是指在申请个人住房贷款的借款人，由受托人银行使用银行资金向借款人发放的商业银行个人住房贷款，由银行代借款人到昆明住房公积金管理中心申请个人住房公积金贷款，同意由管理中心批准，公积金贷款与银行贷款的替代品&第一受托人银行贷款，后更换贷款基金的投资组合&的贷款。

It uses international and popular non-performing loan to form the theory and analyze our country's grants the loan on the market: The loan is reluctant and grants the loan the demand trap coexist; The chess match theory of combining information economics is to the bank of our country and behavior analysis in the loan of enterprise; This text discusses commercial bank loans market improve mend, tries to make the preliminary discussion at present, and hopes to for the management of the banking and reform policy make some contribution to the reform policy's making.

运用国际流行的不良贷款形成理论分析了我国贷款市场：贷款勉强和贷款需求陷阱共存；结合信息经济学与博弈论对我国商业银行和企业在贷款中的行为进行分析；并且对目前我国商业银行贷款市场的改善做了初步的探讨，希望能给商业银行业的管理及改革政策制定尽自己的绵薄之力。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。