贪污

Professor Galbraith astutely pointed out that this sum should be added to the National Wealth so that we might know the Psychic National Wealth.

奇特的特质，那就是贪污舞弊者因为贪污舞弊而发大财，但问题是受害者却一点也没有被剥夺变穷的感觉。

The state-owend enterprise changes the functionary crime in making, great majority takes a variety of illegal means embezzle, diddle, corruption case that owns public property, also have, some it is to use functionary advantage to be other seek interest, be asked for from which or receive the case of bribery, even some since corruption, it is take bribes or the case of defalcate.

国企改制中的职务犯罪，大多数采取多种非法手段侵吞、骗取、占有公共财产的贪污案件，也有—些是利用职务便利为他人谋取利益，从中索取或收受贿赂的案件，甚至有些既是贪污、又是受贿或挪用公款的案件。

Firstly relied on the "Principal-Agent" theory, it will go through the microcosmic model analysis of corrupt behavior, including the avail analysis of "Defalcation corrupt behavior" and the equilibrium analysis of "Rent-seeking corrupt behavior", and then it will conclude some important factors which influence the corrupt behavior, such as the probability to be lighted, the salary of the officials, the degree and extent of the punishment and so on.Then it will go deep into the institutional analysis of the complicated corrupt phenomena. Relied on the institutional economics, this text will expound elaborate that during the compelling transformation of institutions, the structure of public power has an essential change. On the one hand, government has given up much public power; on the other hand, the cooperation mode between the government, the market and the society has not been perfected. So on account of the unbalance of public power structure, the disfigurement or blankness of the institutions was one of the vital institutional causes of the corruption.

首先以"委托——代理"理论为依托，对"贪污型腐败行为"和"寻租型腐败行为"进行微观的模型分析，通过对"贪污型腐败行为"的效用分析和"寻租型腐败行为"的均衡分析，推导出影响腐败行为的几个主要因素，如腐败的查处概率、政府官员的薪金、惩罚力度、个人的风险态度、租金的来源、市场主体的自主性、对行贿者的惩戒力度等等；接着对当前普遍而复杂的公共权力腐败现象进行深入的制度分析，运用制度经济学的理论，分析我国在强制性制度变迁过程中公共权力架构发生了本质的转变，政府在市场化的进程中一方面确实下放了很多公共权力，但另一方面市场和社会并没有充分发展起新的协作模式以弥补制度变迁过程中形成的制度缺陷或制度真空，因此，公共权力架构的失衡所形成的制度缺陷或制度空白成为了当前腐败蔓延的制度原因。

In resent years, the rate of our countries bribery and corruption crimes remain high, and on the rise. Obliviously, capital punishment is neither provide a perment care to bribery and corruption crimes nor can solve the basic problems. It is difficult to achieve the goal of checking corrupt crime.

近年来，我国的贪污贿赂等腐败犯罪率一直屠高不下，且呈上升趋势，可见，死刑对于遏止贪污贿赂等腐败犯罪行为并非治本之策，也不能解决根本问题，难以达到遏止腐败犯罪的目的。

This thesis study from the legislative evolution of our countries" death penalty application and the criminal punishment of bribery and corruption that our country"s Taiwan, think that the application of death penalty of our country"s bribery and corruption crime violate the principle of suiting punishment to crime, principle of equity have a deterrent effect to corruption, it is difficult to achieve the aim of criminal punishment totally not accord with the voice of the people of our country and legislative trend of death penalty development of international community. It is a request based on China"s current death policy to abolish death penalty application, the ear of protecting human rights the base of allow capital punishment "equitably" and on the base of ensuring international criminal judicial cooperation, and put forward the method of abolish the capital punishment suability, which should be break though

本论文从研究我国贪污贿赂犯罪死刑适用的立法沿革及国外和我国台湾地区对贪污贿赂犯罪的刑罚规定着手，认为我国贪污贿赂犯罪的死刑适用违反了罪责刑相适应原则和人人平等原则、对反腐无有效的威慑力，难以达到刑罚的目的、不完全符合我国民众的呼声及国际社会死刑发展的立法趋势，废除其死刑适用是基于中国现行死刑政策的要求、基于保障人权的时代需要、基于合理配置死刑的需要及基于国际刑事司法合作的需要，并提出了废止贪污贿赂犯罪的死刑适用的途径宜从民意、政治、法律、经济等四个方面同时进行突破，然后在此基础上笔者提出与上述问题相适应的完善贪污贿赂犯罪刑事立法与加强司法的构想，主张在立法上增设罚金刑、完善资格刑的内容、加重自由刑的适用、提高数额特别巨大的认定标准及调整量刑幅度等；在司法上坚持刑罚的必然性和及时性、提高对贪污贿赂犯罪的追究率、加大对贪污贿赂犯罪财产刑的处罚等。

In order to make up for it to promote the development and perfection of Chinese corruption legislation and to strengthen the criminal prevention and attack the more and more rampant corruption crimes, the article is titled to do research into the corruption crimes, focusing on the criminal legislation completement, the cause of corruptional crimes, controlling policy from understanding the United Nations Convention against Corruption with comparison and positive methods.

为了弥补其阙，促进我国贪污犯罪刑事立法的完善和发展，充分发挥刑事法制预防和打击日益猖獗的贪污犯罪的作用，本文以&贪污犯罪比较研究&为题，从解读《联合国反腐败公约》入手，运用比较和实证的方法，重点对贪污犯罪刑事立法完善以及贪污犯罪存在的原因和控制对策等问题，进行了探索性的研究。

What do you think that lofty comparison If the BN do not want to share the rights, not unreasonable to amend the electoral system, unwilling to give up to the national interests of the corruption and abuse of power spending to continue to put pressure on the democratic struggle to suppress dissenting voices and so on we should resign oneself to adversity the bad governance, and even told Corruption is also good for the people, at least not by making things difficult for under-the-table money is not a bad thing, at least not after too many procedures ?

请问你认为什么方法比较高尚？如果国阵不愿意分享权利，不愿意修改不合理的选举制度，不愿意放弃继续对国家利益贪污滥权的挥霍，继续的施压民主斗争，压制反对声音等等恶政我们应该逆来顺受，甚至告诉人民贪污也有好处的，至少不用受刁难，给台底钱是不是坏事，至少不用经过太多程序？

At present, compared with the advanced legislation of other foreign countries and international society , the legislation of offences of corruption, bribery , misappropriating public funds has certain amount of deficiency and shortcomings , which does not meet with the needs of Chinese anti - corruption strategy and the strong anti - corruption will of people, the co- operation of international society as well.

目前，我国的贪污、受贿、挪用公款等贪污犯罪的立法与国际社会和国外一些先进国家的立法相比，与我国的司法实践的需要相比，还存在着相当大的缺陷和不足，这一现状与我国的反腐败的战略需要和人民群众反腐败的强烈期盼以及开展反腐败的国际合作都是不相适应的。

With brand-new " what and how-to" knowledge of anti-corruption , UN Convention against Corruption remodels popular mind concerning the tra-ditional way of corruption and bribery control, which provides not only a r...

联合国反腐败公约》是现阶段国际反腐领域最重要的国际法文件，它提出了一系列具有前瞻性的反腐理念和机制，改变了人们对传统贪污贿赂犯罪控制模式的认知，其意义不仅为完善我国反贪污贿赂犯罪的立法提供参考，更为我国反贪污贿赂犯罪刑事政策的调整提供了契机。

Embezzlers of very large sums must be expelled from the Party, no matter how much leniency is shown them because they have confessed their crimes

贪污分子，贪污数量很大的，就是坦白从宽，再宽大，党籍总要开除吧；

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。