质子

For example of atom of hydrogen, it must be enough surrounding electrons so can be form a "electron space", it could be form gravitation among electron and proton, at first whole gravitation line may acts with proton ,but if the quantity of electron go to much ,every one can got gravitation line from proton would be lower, the gravitation between proton and electron would be drop, when it is reached fixed lever, this power is equal to expulsive force which between electrons , so it would be reach balance, the electron can't much more.

之间形成引力，质子向外发出的引力线本来可以全部同外围电子作用，但是，电子多了，每一枚电子从质子分到的作用引力线便减少，它们同质子间的引力要下降，下降到一定程度，此力等于电子间的斥力，达到平衡，电子便不能再多。

We have measured the 〓for some proton rich nuclei at intermediate energies on RIBLL. A larger enhancementof 〓 for 〓 has been observed than for its neighbors. The anomalous enhancementin the difference factor d for 〓 compared to its neighboring nuclei and the longtail of the proton density distribution extracted from the measured 〓 support theassumption of the proton halo structure in 〓.

我们在RIBLL上实验测量了中能区一些丰质子核在〓靶上的核反应总截面，第一次从反应截面的角度观察到〓的〓有较大的反常增加，同时通过差异因子的分析及从实验数据中提取核子的密度分布得出〓的质子密度分布有很长的尾巴，即得到了〓具有质子晕结构的实验证据。

The oxide ionic conductivity was increased with the increase of temperature, but the protonic conductivity displayed a maximum at 900 ℃, due to the combined increase in mobility and depletion of the carriers. The fuel cell could work stably.

氧离子电导率随着温度的升高而增大，而质子电导率在约900℃时出现最大值，这是由于在陶瓷中质子迁移率的增大及质子浓度的降低共同影响的结果。

A brief overview of current development in protonic ceramic membrane fuel cells with high temperature proton-conducting electrolytes is given, which points out that the poor chemical stability of traditional electrolyte materials for the protonic ceramic membrane fuel cell is the main obstacle for their applications.

本文介绍了以高温质子导体为电解质的质子陶瓷膜燃料电池的进展，指出传统质子陶瓷膜燃料电池较差的化学稳定性是阻碍其发展的重要因素。

The quasi-perpendicular collisionless shock consists of foot, ramp and a series of overshoots and undershoots, after travelling back upstream for a short distance, the reflected protons gyrate back into the downstream where an temperature anisotropy is formed due to an anisotropy of velocity distribution, then excite Alfvén ion cyclotron waves and mirror waves that dissipate the kinetic energy into heat; At quasi-parallel collisionless shocks, the reflected protons can travel far upstream, and lead to the generation of ion beam instabilities which excite large-amplitude right-hand polarized ultralow-frequency resonant waves whose frequencies are are about〓 These waves are convected back downstream by solar wind and gradually merge to form the downstream state, in the meantime new waves are generated continuously in the upstream, this process where ULF waves are generated and merge into downstream state is cyclical.

准垂直无碰撞激波系由根部、斜坡区以及一系列的低冲和过插组成，被激波反射的质子向激波上游运动很短的距离就在回旋作用下再次向下游运动，和激波发生相互作用以后进入激波的下游，在激波的下游引起质子速度分布的各向异性，进而引起激波下游温度的各向异性，激发起Alfvén离子回旋波和镜波，将激波上游的动能耗散成激波下游的热能；在准平行无碰撞激波(θ〓＝10°)情况下，这部分质子能向激波上游运动很大一段距离，并在激波的上游激发起束流不稳定性，引起大振幅的低频波动。

The study aims at the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with interdigitated flow field ,its influencing factors and feasible ways to improve it.

为研究交指流场质子交换膜燃料电池的输出性能，分析影响其性能的因素，寻找改善其性能的可行措施，探讨了使用交指流场流道的必要性和优越性，建立了包括质子交换膜燃料电池阴极/阳极侧流道、扩散层和催化层以及质子交换膜在内的完整的稳态、三维、两相数学模型。

The study aims at the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with interdigitated flow field, its influencing factors and feasible ways to improve it. The necessity and advantages of using interdigitated flow field were introduced. A three-dimensional, two-phase and steady-state numerical model was developed. The computational domain of the model consists of the flow channels, gas diffusion layers and catalyst layers in both anode and cathode sides and the PEM in PEM fuel cell.

为研究交指流场质子交换膜燃料电池的输出性能，分析影响其性能的因素，寻找改善其性能的可行措施，探讨了使用交指流场流道的必要性和优越性，建立了包括质子交换膜燃料电池阴极／阳极侧流道、扩散层和催化层以及质子交换膜在内的完整的稳态、三维、两相数学模型。

Then, an ideal random-packed-sphere model with simple cubic, body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic structures is presented to predicate the specific protonic and electronic conductivities of the catalyst layers. A correlation equation of the specific conductivity is obtained and the model is validated by the good agreement between the calculations and the measured data.

然后，分别用简单立方、体心立方和面心立方三种自由堆积球结构首次建立了描述催化层有效质子和电子传导率的理论预测模型，分析了电解质本体电导率、球半径、接触系数和接触角对质子传导的影响，得出催化层有效质子和电子传导率的计算公式，模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好，证实了模型的有效性。

In the device fabrication, first by the low implantation on the top of the device the isolation between elements in arrays is achieved, and then the deep implantation on the upper layer down to the active layer can provide the transverse current confinements in individual elements in arrays.

在四次质子注入制备VCSEL列阵器件的设计中，一方面通过对外延片上DBR反射镜的较浅的质子注入形成高电阻区域实现对列阵器件中的单元器件之间的隔离，另一方面通过再次的较深度的可以达到有源区上表面的质子注入形成高电阻区域实现对单元器件中注入电流的限制作用。

In the device fabrication, first by the low implantation on the top of the device the isolation between elements in arrays is achieved, and then the deep implantation on the upper layer down to the active layer can provide the transverse current confinements in individual elements in arrays. At the same time the thermal interaction between elements in arrays has also been studied.

在四次质子注中国科学院博十学位论文摘要入制备VCSEL列阵器件的设计中，一方面通过对外延片上DBR反射镜的较浅的质子注入形成高电阻区域实现对列阵器件中的单元器件之间的隔离，另一方面通过再次的较深度的可以达到有源区上表面的质子注入形成高电阻区域实现对单元器件中注入电流的限制作用c在对VCSEL列阵器件的设计中，对单元器件之间的热相互作用也进行了分析。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。