质子

Methanol molecule participates in the proton transfer process, which takes place by a intermolecular six-membered proton-transfer transition state structure instead of the intramolecular four- membered. Consequently, the activation energy of the proton-transfer process is reduced greatly,resulting in the carbon-carbon bond formation process become the rate-determining step. The results are consistent with Aggarwal's the latest dynamics experiments.

CH3OH分子参与质子转移过程，使得原本通过四元环结构过渡态的质子转移过程通过六元环结构过渡态实现，从而极大地降低了质子转移过程的活化能，碳-碳键形成过程进而成为反应的速度控制步骤，研究结果与Aggarwal等的最新动力学研究成果相吻合。

The form factors have a noticeable inward and upward shift with an increasing proton number, especially when the outmost protons occupy the 2s(subscript 1/2) state.

随着质子数的增加，电荷形状因子有一个明显的上移和内移，尤其是当最外层质子占据2s(下标 1/2)态时，外层质子的分布对电荷形状因子的影响尤为明显。

It is better to use a neutron or proton rich projectile with atomic number notfar away from the expected exotic nuclei because the difference in the fragmentationcross section induced by neutron or proton rich and stable projectiles becomes smallwith the increase of the distance between the produced fragment and the projectile. Measurements of 〓 for 〓,〓 and 〓 at intermediate energieshave been performed on the Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou.

所选的丰中子或丰质子炮弹最好离所需产生的丰中子或丰质子奇异核比较近，因为随着炮弹与产生的核的距离的增加，丰中子或丰质子炮弹与稳定的炮弹的碎裂反应产生奇异核的产生截面的差别变小。

Proton acids were produced as intermediates and make quinoline occur in the form of its conjugated acid.

由于中间产物质子酸的生成，使喹啉以质子化的形式存在，当质子化产生的吸收增加与降解导致的吸收减少相等时，特征吸收峰313 nm处的吸收在1～3 min会出现平台，然后持续衰减。

Proton generated from a Cockroft-Walton accelerator in the energy range of 30-100 keV were appropriately collimated and made to pass through a 10 g/cm^2 carbon foil. After Rutherford scattering, proton uniformly irradiated TLDs which were placed at the 20° behind and 20 cm away from the carbon foil. We used a channeltron behind TLD holder as the proton detector.

由Cockroft-Walton加速器提供之质子源，能量在30~100keV间，经准直后通过一10 g/平方公分之碳膜做拉塞福散射，散射后之质子均匀打在置於其后20°的压克力置装器内的热发光剂量计，利用压克力置装器后之一电子倍增器作为量测质子工具。

Three kinds of BCRC No.51534, 10322 and 10675 would be selected and acted as an experimental sample of Escherichia coli. Results shows that Escherichia coli of No.51534 will appear better performance because the maximum of open circuit voltage, closed current and power density are 1.01V, 22mA and 1342mW/m2, respectively. Concerning the effect of culture time with respect to different phase type on the electricity performance of MFCs, the time points on the intersection between lag phase and logarithmic phase, the middle of point of stationary phase for growth curve of Escherichia coli would appear a good performance of MFCs. In addition, the BCRC No. 51534 Escherichia coli possessing a better performance of MFCs than others would be suggested and applied to further studying. Comparison with the performance of MFCs with respect to electron mediator under different mole number, result shows that electron mediator of methylene blue with 4.63mM would appear a better electricity performance of MFCs than others. Concerning the different material of proton exchange membrane with PTFE-Nafion, Nafion 211, 212 and 117 with respect to the performance of MFCs, result shows that the Nafion 117 applied in MFCs will have a better performance of MFCs than other cases. Finally, the effect of molar concentration on the performance of MFCs would be expected at the studied cases of 0.4M, 0.2M, 0.1M and 0.05M respectively for cathode oxidant, result shows that a good performance of MFCs will happen at the condition of 0.2M. Those observations will be useful to improvement of MFCs in the further study.

於上述电池系统条件下，进行大肠杆菌生长曲线、电子传递介质、质子交换膜、电极与阴极氧化剂对电池电性效能分析；选择编号10322、10675与51534之大肠杆菌为实验菌株，依定量培养之生长曲线取出代表不同时生长特性时期的培养时间，利用亚甲基蓝作为电子传递介质进行实验分析从所测得的电量进行分析，以编号51534之大肠杆菌的微生物燃料电池有最大的开路电压为1.01V及最大闭路电流为22mA；当极化曲线中电压为0.47V、电流为11.4 mA时有最大的功率密度为1342 mW/m2；加以负载有平均工作功率密度294 mW/m2；从生长曲线与电性效能来分析，得知生长曲线的迟滞期与对数期的转变点与静止期的中间点有最佳电性效能表现；对於加入不同莫耳数之电子传递介质methylene blue、neutral red与thionine之电池效能表现，则以加入4.63mM methylene blue电子传递介质的电池有较佳平均功率密度230 mW/m2；另对於质子交换膜PTFE-Nafion、Nafion 211、Nafion 212与Nafion 117之电池效能表现，以Nafion 117质子交换膜的电池有较佳平均功率密度340 mW/m2；对於分析加入不同莫耳数浓度0.4M、0.2M、0.1M与0.05M的阴极氧化剂之电池效能，则以0.2M的阴极氧化剂的电池可得到较佳平均功率密度429 mW/m2。

Atomic nuclei consist of combinations of protons, or positively charged particles, and neutrons, or uncharged particles.

原子核由质子与中子结合而成，原子核由质子与中子结合而成，质子也叫带正电的粒子，中子也叫不带电的粒子。

In this thesis,the AM1,MNDO,MINDO/3(mainly AM1)and INDO/S-CI semiempirical MO methods were used toinvestigate the excited-state intramolecular protontransfer reactions of salicylic acid derivatives—salicylic acid,methyl salicylate,salicylaldehyde,o-hydroxyaceto-phenone,salicylamide and 3-hydroxy-picolinamide (6 conformers and 2-3 anion species);2-(2'-hydroxy-5' methylphenyl) benzotriazole(4 conformers),2-(2' hydroxyphenyl) benzimidazole (3 conformers and 3anion species),Bis-2,5-(2-benzoxazolyl)hydroquinone(3 conformers),2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole(2conformers) and 7-azaindole dimer (2 conformers).Theinvestigations were described as follows.Geometry optimization,relative stability andhydrogen bonding energy First,for sylicylic acid derivative molecules,the AM1,MNDO and MINDO/3 methods were used toinvestigate ground-state geometry optimization,energies,relative stabilities and hydrogen-bondingenergies on the five kinds of the molecules(designing 6 conformers and 2-3 anion species).Comparing with experimental data,the optimizedgeometry,the order of stability,the hydrogen-bonding energies and the distances between O-O in O-H..O hydrogen bonds by AM1 method were in agreementwith the experimental data,however,the C-C bondlengths optimized by MNDO and MINDO/3 were longer,C-O and O-H bond lengths were shorter;for C-N bondlengths,the results opitimized by MNDO method werethe same as those by AM1 method,nevertheless the C-Nbond lengths given by MINDO/3 method were muchshorter.For some sylicylic acid derivatives(e.g.methyl salicylate,salicylamide),the order ofstabilities on the conformers given by MNDO andMINDO/3 methods were not in agreement with theexisting conformers deduced by experimental methods,and the hydrogen bonding energies calculated by MNDO.and MINDO/3 methods were smaller.Second,the studyon the other systems found that the optimizedgeometry of the proton-transfered product with INDOmethod could not be obtained,only could theoptimized geometry of reactant be obtained,and thecalculated hydrogen bonding energies were greater.Many results of calculation indicated that the studyon the excited-state intramolecular proton transferreaction system using AM1 method was suitable andreliable.

本论文用AM1、MNDO、MINDO/3（主要是AM1）和INDO/S-CI半经验分子轨道方法对水杨酸衍生物系列——水杨酸、水杨酸甲酯、水杨醛、O-羟基乙酰苯酮、水杨酰胺和3-羟基吡啶酰胺（6种异构体和2-3种阴离子）；2-（2'-羟基-5'-甲基苯基）苯并三〓唑（4种异构体）；2-（2'-羟基苯基）苯并咪唑（3种异构体和3种阴离子）；2，5-二间氮杂氧茚氢醌（3种异构体）；2-（2'-羟基苯基）间〓杂硫茚（2种异构体）和7-〓吲哚二体（2种异构体）的激发态分子内质子转移反应在以下几个方面进行了较系统的理论研究：几何构型优化和相对稳定性及氢键能首先以水杨酸衍生物系列分子为例，用AM1、MNDO和MINDO/3方法考察了5种分子（每种分子设计6种异构体和2-3种阴离子）的基态几何构型优化，能量、相对稳定性和氢键能计算，通过和实验数据进行比较，AM1方法给出的优化几何构型、稳定性次序、氢键能和O—H。。。O氢键的0—0距离与实验数据吻合最好，MNDO和MINDO/3方法优化的C-C键长偏长，C-O键和O-H键长偏短；对于C-N键长，MNDO和AM1优化结果差别不大，而MINDO/3给出了过短的C-N键长，MNDO和MINDO/3方法给出的有些水杨酸衍生物分子（如水杨酸甲酯和水杨酰胺）异构体的稳定性次序和实验上推测的可存在异构体结果不一致，MNDO和MINDO/3方法给出的氢键能偏低，对其他体系的研究发现INDO方法常常不能得到质子转移产物的优化几何构型，只能得到反应物的优化构型，并且估算的氢键能偏高，大量的计算结果表明AM1方法对本论文研究的激发态分子内质子转移反应体系是适宜和可靠的。

Aura: is the bioplasmic energy around an object and life form. It contains divine atom, proton, electron, neutron, light, atom, proton, electron, neutron, anti-proton, photon, anti-electron, antineutron, and also anti-energy and antimatter field.

它含有神性的光，原子，质子，电子，中子原子，电子，中子，原子质子，反-质子，光子，正电子，反中性子，同样也有反-能量和反物质粒子在光环里存反物质粒子反物质粒在和由光环或金场金场组成。

The results show that in the protonation process, because of the effect of meso-(p-methylpyridyl), the changes of the structure and bond charge population are obvious; the frontier molecular orbitals have opposite change trend with the case of meso-yridyl, the rapid exchanges of inner hydrogens of the protonated diacid with solvent protons become more difficult.

结果表明，由于m-甲基吡啶的影响，在质子化过程中结构和键电荷布居有明显变化；前沿分子轨道具有与四吡啶基情形相反的变化趋势，质子化二酸与溶液质子的快速交换作用也变得更困难了。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。