质元素

Nature, most elements have two or more isotopes, the same kinds of elements in the quality of the various isotopes of different, but the types and proportion constant (except for radioactive elements). In 1961, the carbon content of the most abundant in nature, a kind of isotope, carbon-12 atom of a quantity and quality of C as a 12 mass units to it as "benchmarks" for all isotopes of an element according to the average abundance The ratio of the benchmark is the atomic weight of this non-prime, that is listed in the periodic table of atomic weights.

自然界中大多数元素都有两种或更多的同位素，同种元素的各同位素质量不同，但其种类和比例是恒定的。1961年，把碳在自然界含量最丰富的一种同位素，碳12的一个原子的质C量定为12个质量单位，把它作为"基准"，某种元素的所有同位素按丰度的平均值与基准之比，就是这种无素的原子量，即元素周期表列出的原子量。

It is concluded that, first, geochemical data of the surface soils can clearly distinguish two kind of soils, that is, juvenile soils, for example, purple soils, which inherits most geochemical characteristics of the parent rocks or materials, and anthropic soils, the geochemical characteristics of which have been greatly changed as the results of intensive impact from variety of agricultural uses. Second, different soils have typical indicator elements association respectively due to different parent rocks or materials and utilization, such as purple soils, yellow soils (low alkali and alkaline-earth metal contents and pH value), paddy soils (high organic element and heavy metal elements contents) and fluvo-aquic soils (high rock-forming accessory mineral elements contents) and so on. Consequently, it can be suggested that elements association is an important indicator for two key factors (parent materials and anthropic activities) of soil classification. Third, some differences exist between soil genesic classification and result of cluster analysis, because geochemical characteristics of surface soils can not completely represent the foundation applying to soil genesic classification, that is, condition and process of soil-forming, and soil property.

结果表明：浅层土壤的地球化学数据能较好地用来区分两类土壤，即紫色土一类的幼年土壤（在很大程度上继承了母岩、母质的地球化学特征）和受强烈人为活动水耕、早耕熟化的土壤（外来物质的不断加人显著地改变了浅层土壤原有的地球化学性质）；(2)各类土壤因母岩母质和利用方式不同，各具明显的标志性元素组合特征，如紫色土、黄壤（低碱和碱土金属元素和pH值）、水稻土（高有机元素、肥料元素和重金属元素）和潮土等，因此，这些元素组合是土壤分类两个要素的重要参照系；(3)浅层土壤的地球化学特征不可能完整地体现成土条件、成土过程和土壤属性这三个发生分类依据，因此，聚类分析结果与发生类型之间存在一定的差异。

In some way, the nature of the geochemical field shows that the deep fluid took part in the energy mineral reservoir formation and mineralization.2、 In zones with the strong tectonic activity and basement faults, the elements combination of petroleum is complex and the material from deep resource can be found in which. The character of elements geochemical and carbon isotope all show that there are deep fluid components in some Energy Minerals. The material source of the water accompanying with petroleum reservoir is complex, and which with multi-sources. The character of elements geochemical shows that the uranium of Dongsheng uran ore comes from the upper crust, the greyish-green gritstone and hoary kaolinised argillaceous siltstone is important for the formation of uranium deposits,and the grey gritstone is great potential to surveying uranium deposits .

基底断裂带和构造活动强的区域，原油中元素组合复杂，并含有深源物质；元素地球化学特征和同位素特征反映部分能源矿产中含有深部流体成分；盆地内油气藏伴生水的物质来源较为复杂，具有多源性；元素地球化学特征显示东胜铀矿的铀源主要来自上地壳，灰白色高岭土化泥质粉砂岩及灰绿色粗砂岩对铀矿的形成具有重要的意义，灰色粗砂岩具有良好的找矿潜力；元素地球化学特征还表明，黑岱沟煤及煤层夹矸中微量元素来源于上地壳。

For some kinds of vegetables and pasturages, the contents of some heavy metals surpass the relevant quality standards, so when some crops were planted on the substrates, the uneatable species should be selected preferably and if some kinds of vegetables and pasturages must be adopted, the output could not be provided to mankind and also not be used in farming, in order to avoid harming peoples'health.5 The expediency evaluation model of pioneer plant on substrates was established and some plants were studied. The results show that the expediency evaluation of pioneer plants were respectively that clover was expedient to substrate 1, juniper, cotton and fescue were expedient to substrate 2 and juniper, annual bluegrass, fescue, cotton and clover were expedient to substrate 3.6 Some indexes to evaluate the capability of the phytoremediation on heavy metals and the comprehension about hyperaccumulator were put forward.

有多种植物的重金属含量超过了相应的国家标准，因此在基质上种植植物时，尽量选择非食用性植物品种，即使种植了蔬菜和牧草等植物，也不应将收获后的产品供人类食用或用于畜牧生产，以免危害人体健康。5建立和研究了复垦基质先锋植物的适宜性评价模型，结果表明，不同基质中适宜的先锋植物分别如下：基质1为苜蓿，基质2为桧柏、棉花和高羊茅，基质3为桧柏、早熟禾、高羊茅、棉花和苜蓿。6探讨了评价重金属元素植物修复能力的指标体系和"超富集植物"的概念。

The results demonstrate that the distributi on of Hg does not appear to be associated with any other elements, while S may b e capturer for Hg; As, Cr and Ni are elements controlled by pedogenesis; Cd and Pb are elements disturbed by anthropic contributions; Cu is mainly controlled by pedogensis and Zn is closely association with Mn oxides in soils.

元素的相关性分析和聚类分析结果表明 Hg相对于其他元素表现较独立， S对 Hg有一定的捕获能力；As、 Cr和 Ni是受控于成土母质的元素组合；Cd和 Pb是受人为污染影响较强的元素， Cu来源于地质成因的比例较大；Zn受控于土壤中锰氧化物粘粒。

This thesis studies the volcanic tectono-petrofacies, petrology, mineralogy, geochemistry, isotopic chronology, stratum and high-precision SHRIMP zircon U-Pb datings of the Mt.Yandangshan volcano-intrusive complex, and concludes that: Yandangshan volcanic rock units belong to high-K calc-alkaline acid rock associations, mainly ryholitic and trachytic dacitic in composition. They have A/CNK values of 0.9-1.2 (i.e., aluminium saturation and supersaturation), enriched LREE and LILEs and depleted HFSE. Their 8Eu values are 0.11-0.32, indicating a evident fractional evolution of plagioclase crystallization. Their ∑REE varied very limitedly,(87~Sr/(86)Sri ratios and eNd values are 0.7086～0.7095 and -10.20～-9.96 for volcanic rocks, and 0.7087~0.7095 and -7.6～6.92 for the central intrusive facies syenite, which means that all the igneous rocks from Mt. Yandangshan are evolutional products of magmas with the same source, and that they derived mainly from crust, but mixed with mantle components.

本文从火山构造岩相学、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学、同位素年代学、地层学等方面出发，同时结合高精度SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年，对雁荡山火山岩进行了系统的研究，确定雁荡山火山岩为一套以流纹质和粗面英安质为主体的高钾钙碱性酸性岩石组合，A/CNK值集中在0.9～1.2之间，为铝饱和或铝过饱和类型；富轻稀土元素和大阳离子亲石元素、相对亏损高场强元素：负铕异常明显，δEu值为0.11～0.32，表明岩浆经历了以斜长石为主的强烈结晶分异作用：岩石样品的∑REE变化有限，火山岩样品的~(87Sr/~(86)Sr_i为0.7086～0.7095，εNd为-10.20～-9.96，中央侵入体石英正长岩~(87Sr/~(86)Sr_i为0.7087～0.7095，εNd为-7.6～-6.92，表明它们是同源岩浆分异演化的产物，物质来源主要为陆壳，但有地幔物质参与。

According to the variation in the components of intermediateacid igneous rocks coming from the lower crust, it is possible to restrain the depth of the source area and the minimum thickness of the crust, and thus to provide important information for the study of the deep process of the continental intraplate mineralizationGlobally, many world level porphyry copper deposits and metallogenic systems formed by hypabyssal hot liquid have their close relationship with the synchronous adakite in spacetime and genesis; domestically, the adakitelike rocks have been identified to be related to the metallogenesis in the main metallogenic areas in ChinaThe recognition of adakitelike rocks having no relationship with the process of subduction makes it possible to construct a metallogenic model of continental intraplate porphyry metal deposits by combining other geological evidences, and this model is totally different from the metallogenic model of porphyry copper deposits with Bsubduction setting constructed by Sillitoe (1972)The existence of adakitelike rocks may be the necessary condition but not the sufficient one for forming the largescale porphyry deposits and the hypabyssal hotliquid deposits, whose metallogenic elements mainly came from the mantleThe metallogenic potential of adakitelike rocks is achieved by the entering of the mantle material, and the metallogenic specialization of adakitelike rocks is decided by the distribution characteristics of the metallogenic elements in the upper mantleAn important reason for the adakitelike magma related to subduction being advantageous to mineralization is that there were abundant high pressure and high temperature liquid coming from the subducted platepieces and the magma of high fO2 coming from the melting of subducted platepiecesHowever, for those adakitelike rocks, whose occurrence has continental plate background but does not relate to the subduction, their metallogenic mechanism is not clear yetBased on the concept of modern mineral exploration and combined with the analysis of integrated geological information, we may better realize the practical prospecting significance of the adakitelike rocks

根据起源于下地壳的中酸性岩浆岩的成分变化，可以约束其源区深度以及地壳最小厚度，为大陆板内成矿作用的深部过程研究提供重要信息。全球范围内，许多世界级斑岩铜矿和浅成热液矿化系统与同期的埃达克质岩存在密切的时空与成因联系，在国内主要成矿区带也识别出与金属成矿作用有关的埃达克岩。与俯冲过程无关的埃达克质岩的识别，使我们有可能结合其他地质证据构建完全不同于Sillitoe(1972)B型俯冲环境的斑岩铜矿成矿模式的大陆板内斑岩型金属矿床成矿模式。对于规模巨大、矿质主要源自地幔的热液矿床的形成，埃达克岩可能是必要条件，但不是充分条件。埃达克岩的成矿潜力通过地幔物质加入而获取，埃达克岩的成矿专属性由上地幔成矿元素分布特征决定。与俯冲有关的埃达克质岩浆之所以有利于成矿，重要的原因是存在大量来自俯冲板片的高压、高温流体以及俯冲板片熔融形成高氧逸度(fO2)的熔体，但产出在大陆板内背景、与俯冲无关的埃达克岩的成矿机制还不清楚。根据现代资源勘查理念，结合综合地质信息分析，埃达克质岩具有实际找矿意义。

For some kinds of vegetables and pasturages, the contents of some heavy metals surpass the relevant quality standards, so when some crops were planted on the substrates, the uneatable species should be selected preferably and if some kinds of vegetables and pasturages must be adopted, the output could not be provided to mankind and also not be used in farming, in order to avoid harming peoples'health.5 The expediency evaluation model of pioneer plant on substrates was established and some plants were studied. The results show that the expediency evaluation of pioneer plants were respectively that clover was expedient to substrate 1, juniper, cotton and fescue were expedient to substrate 2 and juniper, annual bluegrass, fescue, cotton and clover were expedient to substrate 3.6 Some indexes to evaluate the capability of the phytoremediation on heavy metals and the comprehension about hyperaccumulator were put forward.

有多种植物的重金属含量超过了相应的国家标准，因此在基质上种植植物时，尽量选择非食用性植物品种，即使种植了蔬菜和牧草等植物，也不应将收获后的产品供人类食用或用于畜牧生产，以免危害人体健康。5建立和研究了复垦基质先锋植物的适宜性评价模型，结果表明，不同基质中适宜的先锋植物分别如下：基质1为苜蓿，基质2为桧柏、棉花和高羊茅，基质3为桧柏、早熟禾、高羊茅、棉花和苜蓿。6探讨了评价重金属元素植物修复能力的指标体系和&超富集植物&的概念。

Recent developments in the research on the geology and geochemistry of the newly-discovered clayey breccias at the lop of the Xiaochaka Formation in the Juhuashan, Xiaochaka and Shishuihe areas, Qiangtang Basin, northern Tibet have disclosed that mineral compositions, textures and structures, occurrences and sectional architectures of the clayey breccias agree well with those of the paleo-weathering crust in these areas. Compared with the bedrocks, the paleo-weathering crust is characterized by the leaching out of CaO and CO2, and relative enrichment of SiO2, Al2 O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MnO and P2O5. The clayey weathered residues in the paleo-weathering crust are characterized by marked enrichment of REEs, much higher contents of LREEs than those of HREEs, markedly positive Ce anomalies and negative Eu anomalies, and a noticeable increase in other element contents besides Mo, Sn and U from the clayey weathered residues.

对最近在藏北羌塘盆地菊花山、肖茶卡、石水河等地区新发现的肖茶卡组顶部的粘土质角砾岩的地质、地球化学特征研究表明：其岩石矿物成分、结构构造、角砾层产状及剖面演化序列等与古风化壳的形成及其特征较为一致；相对于基岩，古风化壳的主量元素表现为CaO、CO2的淋失和SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O、Na2O、MnO、P2O5等不同程度的相对富集；古风化壳中的粘土质风化残积层的稀土元素具有明显的富集，表现为LREE含量远大于HREE的特征，存在明显的Ce的正异常以及Eu的负异常；微量元素除Mo、Sn和U外，粘土质风化残积层的其余元素含量均有明显的增加。

Based on the evaluation system, the plants whose relative remediation age was between 0~10 years were named as"Hyperaccumulator"and those between 10 ~ 50 years were named as"Accumulator".7 In the experiments six kinds of substrates were mixed with different solid wastes and the absorption and enrichment of plants on heavy metal Cd was studied. The results showed that relative remediation age was an ideal index to evaluate the capability of the phytoremediation on heavy metals, because it took into account more factors which affected the absorption evaluation effects than others, such as the heavy metal content and the biomass of the over-ground part of plants, the heavy metal content and the whole gross in substrates, harvesting frequency of plants and the environment standard of heavy metal. This made relative remediation age be suitable to the sorption capability evaluation of not only different plants on one heavy metal but also one plant on different heavy metals.8 It can be drawn from the relative remediation age of heavy metal Cd that the absorption capability of different plants was not same.

以相对修复年限为评价指标定义相对修复年限为0-10年的植物为&超富集植物&，10-50年的植物为&富集植物&。7在由不同废弃物按一定的比例混合配制的六种土地复垦基质上，系统地研究了几种植物对重金属镉的吸收和富集情况，结果表明，相对修复年限既适用于不同植物对同一种重金属元素的吸收能力的评价，又适用于同一植物对不同重金属元素的吸收能力的评价，是衡量重金属元素植物修复效果的理想指标。8从不同植物对同一基质重金属镉的吸收和富集能力看，不论是经过多年种植的基质，还是第一次种植的基质，小白菜和油菜都是相对理想的植物；而黑麦草、高羊茅和苜蓿的吸收效果并不理想。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。