货币

The system has defects, one of which is the impact of dollar hegemony on the currency sovereignty, including the impact on currency monopoly, international seigniorage rights and financial control rights.

该制度存在诸多弊端，其中之一就是美元霸权对货币主权的冲击，包括对货币垄断发行权的冲击，对取得国际铸币税权利的冲击及对金融调控权的冲击。

Currency substitution is the inevitable problem during the developing course of developing countries,which will make exchange rate fluctuate frequently、influence the independence of monetary policy、decrease government's inflation tax and seigniorage、slack social public's confidence in domestic currency , only to the stability of macro-economy and the effective power of economic policies.

货币替代是发展中国家在开放过程中所不可避免的问题，它的存在会使汇率频繁波动、影响货币政策独立性、削弱政府的通货膨胀税和铸币税、涣散社会公众对本币的信心等，这会严重影响国家宏观经济的稳定和经济政策的效力。

The most direct monetary internationalization benefit is the Seigniorage. Apart from the Seigniorage benefit, the international currency also could bring many other indirect benefits.

一国货币国际化最直接的收益是国际铸币税收益，除此之外，人民币成为国际货币还可以带来许多其他间接受益。

In one hand, the liquidity preference of those nations without international currency issuance rights has reversed by the rise of their economic strength; on the other hand, the nations with international currency issuance rights have the rigid needs to release extra liquidity due to the upgraded competition for international seignorage.

一方面，不具备国际货币发行权的国家因无法获得外部融资而导致的强烈的流动性偏好已经因自身经济实力的积累发生了逆转，另一方面，掌握国际货币发行权的国家却因国际铸币税争夺的升级有着多释放流动性的刚性需要。

Firstly, this thesis analyses the dynamic response and sensitiveness of monetary policy to real and nominal shock through discrete model.

首先，本文通过建立和估计二项离散选择模型，描述了我国货币政策对于实际冲击和名义冲击的动态反应过程，并且检验了货币政策反应的灵敏性。

Goods can serve many other purposes besides purchasing money, but money can serve no other purpose besides purchasing goods.

除了购买货币，货物还有其他许多用处；但除了购买货物，货币就一无所用。

Money - That bring me to money, which is the standard Gold, Silver, and Copper system.

货币——标准金币，银币和铜币系统把我吸引到货币的问题上。

Now the currency-in-circulation component of the monetary base is a smidgen less than 50% of the monetary base. Yikes!

现在，基础货币中的流通货币占比仅略小于50%！

Weak currency;less favorable currency;soft currency

弱币，弱货币，弱势货币

The world needs a sounder and more stable reserve currency, but is probably in for a long wait.

世界需要经济探测仪和更为稳定的储备货币，但是，这样一种货币可能还要很久才能出现。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。