货币

They believe that the currency is the currency of gold and silver.On the basis of the data concerned,this essay poses new standpoints:we may divide the process of currency s emergence into five.We mayn t equate currency with currency gold and silver,the currency comes earlier than the currency of gold and ...

本文提出了新观点：认为根据有关的资料，也可以把货币的产生过程划分为五个阶段，不把货币与金银货币划等号，认为货币的产生应早于金银货币，并阐明了提出以上新观点的依据。

In the contemporary inconvertible credit currency system, the effective exploitation of monetary policy depends largely on a set of sound credit institutions which enable the central bank to regulate monetary policy intermediary objective, to secure monetary policy transmission, and to utilize monetary policy instruments.

在当代不兑现的信用货币制度下，货币政策的有效发挥依赖于一套健全的信用制度，因为中央银行对货币政策中介目标的调控、货币政策的顺畅传导以及货币政策工具的运用都以健全的信用制度为基础。

At first,this paper has reviewed the historical background of gold bullion controversy ---the economic status of England in the nineteenth century; In additional, it has presented the points of Ricardian analysis method; At last,it has set forth David Ricardo' s policy suggestions to coinage and his viewpoints of Quantity The ory of Money, we will see the shadow of some model money theory problems.

大卫·李嘉图的货币数量理论内容提要：首先，本文考察了金块论争的历史背景——十九世纪初英国的经济状况，并简要介绍了李嘉图分析方法的特点，其次，详细阐述了李嘉图对当时货币制度的一些政策建议及其货币数量论的观点，其中我们将看到很多当代货币理论问题的影子，充分体现了货币理论研究的连续性。

In an overlapping generations model, there are two monetary regimes to be selected for the government:(1)"constant real deficit" regime, that is, the government decides a constant real deficit and maintain that real deficit by adjusting the supply of money;(2)"fixed growth rate of money" regime, that is, the government decides a fixed growth rate of money and maintain it by adjusting seignorage.

在世代交叠经济中，通常存在两种典型的货币政策可供政府选择：（1）"实际赤字固定"政策，即政府确定一个固定的实际赤字水平，通过调整货币供给维持实际赤字的固定水平；（2）"货币增长率固定"政策，即政府确定一个固定的货币供给增长率，通过调整铸币税维持货币增长率的固定水平。

The result reveals the turnover of Chinese stock market has negative effect on the demand of money demand at all levels.

因此中央银行在进行货币供给规划和货币政策操作时必须考虑到股票市场对货币需求的影响，使货币供给与货币需求相适应。

Moreover, under current foreign exchange administration system, foreign currency welled up like the tidewater, with the majority of which is bought by the bank of our country. That is, purchasing foreign currency has already become one of the main channels of our Central Bank throwing high-powered money into circulation.

这使得我国中央银行每年货币投放量的大小，在一定程度上决定于当年外汇的流入量，因而外汇储备的快速增长导致我国货币政策的中介目标货币供应量随之成倍的增长，加大了货币政策调控的难度，降低了中央银行制定货币金融政策的自由度。

It contains five parts. Chapter One is about the basic concept and relationship between financial and monetary policies; Chapter Two is on the necessity and main modes of application of these two policies; Chapter Three is concerning the history of the development of such theories; Chapter Four is with regard to the practical analysis of the use of these policies; Chapter Five is anenst the strategic suggestions and realizable choices.

全文共分为五个部分：第一章主要研究财政货币政策的基本概念及相互关系；第二章分析财政货币政策协调运用的必要性和主要模式；第三章对财政货币政策协调理论的发展进行历史回顾；第四章对财政货币政策协调运用进行实践分析；第五章提出了财政货币政策协调运用的战略构想和现实抉择。

This chapter mainly expounds basic quantitative monetary theory and model, then thinks that monetary neutrality and nonneutrality is the important premise of whether the monetary policy is effective or not.

本章重点论述了一些基本的货币数量理论及模型，并且认为货币政策是否具有有效性的重要前提是货币中性命题是否成立，并展开阐述了凯恩斯主义的货币需求动机理论，概述了不同经济学派对货币政策有效性的主要观点和结论。

After reviewing the different money forms in the process of money evolution and development,with the discrimination of various so called electronic money and terminology alike used in daily life,the essay point out on the basis of legal concept of money that digital cash comply with the legal concept of money,therefore it is one kind of new form of mopey and genuine electronic money.

本文从分析货币的法律概念入手，以此为基础，在回顾货币演变与发展过程中的不同形态并进行法律分析后，对现在日常生活中使用的各种&电子贷币&及类似术语进行了辨析，指出只有数字现金型&电子货币&符合货币的法律概念，是新的货币形态，因而是真正的电子货币。

This article from an euro started at Euro sector finance system vicissitude and the Euro sector Taylor rule utilization to the European central bank policy-making formulation, through detailed thoroughly analyzes the Taylor rule to contain at the beginning ofEuropean Union in the Euro sector application -unification monetarypolicy decision-making the monetary policy background, the utilization"the Taylor principle" analyzes 1970-2006 beginning of the year EuropeCentral Bank the monetary policy decision-making tendency, pointed outmoves towards the negotiable securities along with the financialsystem, the internationalization, the formulation and the currentpolitical situation adapt the monetary policy is inevitable.

2002年1月1日零时，随着布鲁塞尔皇宫设置的欧元倒计时钟钟声的敲响，欧元正式进入流通，欧元区12国比利时、意大利、荷兰、芬兰、德国、奥地利、法国、西班牙、葡萄牙、爱尔兰、卢森堡和希腊缔结的空前的货币联盟正式开始运作，标志着欧洲甚至全世界己不可逆转地跨入欧元时代。在资本主义发源地、发达国家聚集的欧洲，各主权国家让渡货币发行权而发行统一的区域货币，并建立区域性货币的超国家统一管理机构—欧洲中央银行，这是人类货币金融史上的首次勇敢尝试，必将对世界经济特别是国际货币体系和国际金融格局产生一系列重大而深远的影响。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了