货币

Downey, of Woodbine, Md., each with one count of conspiracy to launder monetary instruments, one count of conspiracy to operate an unlicensed money transmitting business, one count of operating an unlicensed money transmitting business under federal law and one count of money transmission without a license under D.C.

四项罪状的起诉书，流传于2007年4月24日，今天启封，收费电子有限公司金牌；金银储备股份有限公司；及其拥有博士道格拉斯杰克逊，卫星海滩，fla。；里德甲杰克逊的墨尔本，fla。；巴里和k。唐尼，woodbine，莫斯塔，每一项串谋launder货币工具，一项串谋无照经营货币转递业务一控无牌经营货币转递业务根据联邦法律，一算钱传动无执照d.c。

In addition, different payment mechanisms are needed for different types of transactions, we design several advanced digital cash services such as information attachable digital cash, divisible electronic cash, and anonymous rewarding services.

另外，为了满足消费者未来可能的多样化付款方式需求，我们研发出数个前瞻性的电子货币技术，其中包括可附加但书的数位货币、可分割使用的电子货币以及匿名的悬赏系统等。

Monetary resources is gainable, which causes itself expansion, contraction and introduces the capital market gap which effect the monetary resources to increase the capital market bubble burst and make the market expansion and evaporation.

货币资源的可增值性为货币资源的膨胀、萎缩，提供了必要前提，资本市场的虚拟性又为资本市场泡沫和市值的蒸发提供了条件，资本市场上经常出现的缺口，通过进一步影响货币资源，催化资本市场泡沫的增大与破灭，市场的膨胀与蒸发。

And as different degrees of industry were apt to give men possessions in different proportions, so this invention of money gave them the opportunity to continue and enlarge them: for supposing an island, separate from all possible commerce with the rest of the world, wherein there were but an hundred families, but there were sheep, horses and cows, with other useful animals, wholesome fruits, and land enough for corn for a hundred thousand times as many, but nothing in the island, either because of its commonness, or perishableness, fit to supply the place of money; what reason could any one have there to enlarge his possessions beyond the use of his family, and a plentiful supply to its consumption, either in what their own industry produced, or they could barter for like perishable, useful commodities, with others?

就像不同程度的勤劳会给人们不同数量的财产，货币的发明也给予了他们机会去保存和扩大货币。想象有这么一个岛屿，与世界其它地方的贸易完全隔绝，在那里只有一百户家庭，但是有绵羊，马和奶牛，和其它一些有用的兽禽和有益健康的果实，以及足够生产十万倍谷物的土地，可是，由于这些物品不是太过普遍就是易于腐烂，岛上竟没有一样东西适合做货币；在这种情况下，那里的任何人在超过他的家庭所需，以及通过自身的劳动生产或与他人物物交换一些类似的易腐的有用的日用品之外又有什么理性去扩充他的财产呢？

This paper reviews the effectiveness of monetary policy in China, including open market operation, reserve system reformation, interest rate policy, reloan and rediscount policy and credit policy and so on, and finds out that monetary policy operation has endogenesis and dependence, and the effectiveness of monetary policy is not perfect.

三是全面述评我国货币政策实践情况，包括公开市场操作、准备金制度改革、利率政策、再贷款再贴现、信贷窗口指导等政策工具实践情况，发现我国货币政策操作内生性强，自主性弱，货币政策执行效应并不理想。

This paper tests the controlling efficiency of China's monetary tools on base money, and indicates that China's monetary tools' efficiency is low. Moreover, it relatively shows that the efficacy of interest rate of required reserve is higher than mirror image of foreign exchange reserve, which is higher than the efficiency of reloan and the required reserve ratio.

以1999年12月至2007年3月相关变量的月度数据为样本对交互影响和多元反馈条件下我国货币政策工具对基础货币的控制效率做检验，得出：样本区间内，我国货币政策工具的控制效率低，相对而言存款准备金利率作用效力相对较高，外汇占款次之，再贷款和法定准备金率效率低。

Furthermore, the liberalization of different capital sub-accounts has different influence on the currency crisis, and this provides necessary theoretical foundation for succedent empirical study.

最后，回顾了货币危机的相关理论，说明资本账户开放对货币危机确有影响，而且各子账户开放对货币危机的影响程度不尽相同，这就为之后的实证研究提供了必要的理论基础。

This thesis is trying to prove the law of money evolvement with the history of Chinese monetary modernization. Money is evolved from none-precious metal to precious metal; from money by weight to coins made of precious metal, from convertible bank notes to unconvertible bank notes.

本文试图，用中国近现代的货币制度现代化情况来印证货币的演变规律：货币的演变是从具体物品到抽象符号，从贱金属即从按重量交易的贵金属发展为用贵金属加工成的铸币，在发展为可兑换贵金属铸币的纸币，最后发展为不可兑换纸币的这样的一个过程。

In Chinese monetary transmission mechanism, monetary transmission channel is restricted owing to unsocialized interest rates and unperfected monetary market, credit transmission channel is the primary transmission channel.

我国货币政策传导机制中，由于利率市场化程度不高、货币市场不发达等因素制约了利率传导机制、资产价格机制、汇率传导机制的有效性，导致目前信用传导渠道仍然是我国货币政策传导的主要途径。

All these causes conspire to make both individuals and governments, in estimating their means, attach almost exclusive importance to money, either in esse or in posse, and look upon all other things (when viewed as part of their resources) scarcely otherwise than as the remote means of obtaining that which alone, when obtained, affords the indefinite, and at the same time instantaneous, command over objects of desire, which best answers to the idea of wealth.

所有这些原因共同使得个人和政府，在估算其财力时，几乎只重视实际有的或可能有的货币，而把所有别的东西(当把它们看作是其财源的一部分时)仅仅看作是获得货币的间接手段，因为只有获得了货币，才能对欲望对象拥有无限的而又即时的支配权，这便是重商主义者对财富观念所作的最好解释。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了