财政的

The development of financial institution in Anglo-Norman is important for the formation of medieval English financial institution. Based on Anglo-Saxon system, framed in Norman dynasty's feudalism, medieval English financial system was able to form its own characters.

盎格鲁-诺曼时期的财政制度是中世纪英国财政制度的的起点，以盎格鲁撒克逊时期的制度为基础，以诺曼王朝的采邑制度为框架，中世纪英国的财政制度得以形成自己的特点。

Given the expectation for the function of the government in an open economy, the fiscal policy should play an important role in stabilizing economic fluctuation. It is well recognized that, however, the fiscal policy is far away from achieving the stability of the economy. In contrast, the fiscal policy itself in many cases is the main source of instability, and the misplacement of the fiscal policy sometimes leads to larger risks.

但是，许多学者认为，在开放条件下，财政政策远远不是它本应成为的一国经济的稳定力量，在很多情况下，本身却成为对外部门不平衡的主要不稳定力量，尤其在发展中国家，财政政策对一国的经常项目和资本项目都有非常大的影响，财政政策的失误往往会造成更大的风险。

As a long system, the social security is main responsibility of the government. As a basic duty, the country finance develop from half-position to whole-position, including the central finance will make the invested increase system fixed and proportionable, while the local finance will develop from no or less undertaking social security responsibility to the unite of the right of property and arrangement.

社会保障作为一项长久的制度安排，也是政府长久并且重大的职责所系，而要作为政府的基本职责，国家财政就要由现在的半到位发展为真正全面到位，包括中央财政要将社会保障投入增长机制固定比例化，地方财政要由不承担或少承担社会保障责任发展到财权与事权及社会保障责任的统一。

Based on an analysis of the recoupling process, this study brings out theoretical implications for understanding other public authorities and practical implications for urban development under URA.

因此，本文从地方财政支持的角度出发，围绕公平原则，找出并分析地方财政体制存在的问题和弊端；并对地方财政该如何进行有效调控，从而缩小上述的地区经济差异、促进广东欠发达地区的经济发展、缓解区域发展不平衡的矛盾，提出建议。

On reflection, perhaps the fault with Greece's parlous public finances lay not just with its budgetary profligacy but also elsewhere: in the absence of a central euro-zone authority for helping out cash-strapped countries; or with the credit rating agencies that had unhelpfully downgraded Greek government bonds; or with the amoral speculators who had bet against those bonds and helped drive up borrowing costs.

回顾整个事件，可能造成希腊公共财政困境的不只是财政预算的挥霍无度，还有其他一些原因。可能因为欧元区没有一个中央机构来帮助财政紧张的成员国，可能因为信用评级机构对希腊国债的降级起到了负面作用，也可能是因为某些不道德的投机商不看好希腊国债从而推高希腊的借贷成本。

Chapter 4 concludes the type of fiscal and financial policy measures of technology innovation analyzes the effectiveness of fiscal and financial measures of typical technology innovation, construes how to promote technology innovation by using fiscal and financial police measures.

第4章对技术创新的财政与金融政策工具的种类进行了归纳，对典型的技术创新的财政与金融政策工具的效用进行了分析，重点分析了如何利用财政与金融政策工具促进技术创新。

What is the connotation of the steady financial pllicy? First it is to control the financial deficit, however, continue to maintain the long-term constructed national debt releasing scale and the certain financial deficit scale. Second it is to adjust structure, much more money should be invested in weak links that need to strengthen such as agriculture, education, science, arts and health, social security. Thirdly, it is to advance reform, vacating the financial resource for system innovation not relying on national debt investment fueling economic growth any more. Lastly, it is to increase income and reduce expenses to enhance financial fund's use benefit.

稳健的财政政策的内涵：一是控制赤字，但继续保持一定财政赤字规模和长期建设国债发行规模；二是调整结构，把更多的钱用到需要加强的农业、科教文卫、社会保障等薄弱环节；三是推进改革，不再主要依靠国债投资拉动经济增长，腾出财力用于体制和制度创新；四是增收节支，提高财政资金的使用效益。

Article 53 Where a storage enterprise violates the provisions of the present Regulations and arbitrages as purchasing at a low price while registering a high price in the account, or selling at a high price while registering a low price in the account, or employing fraud to obtain the loans for central grain reserves and the financial subsidies for loan interest and management cost, the grain administration department of the state and the finance department under the State Council shall, according to their respective functions, instruct the China Grain Reserve Management Corporation to order rectification within a time limit and reimbursement of the fraudulently obtained loans and financial subsidies for loan interest and management cost, the illegal gains shall be confiscated if there are any, the person-in-charge who bears direct responsibilities shall be given such disciplinary sanctions as ranging from demotion in title or rank to dismissal, and the other persons bearing direct responsibilities shall be given such disciplinary sanctions as ranging from warning to dismissal, if a crime is constituted, the criminal liability shall be investigated for, and such enterprise shall be disqualified for the storage of central grain reserves.

第五十三条承储企业违反本条例规定，以低价购进高价入账、高价售出低价入账、以旧粮顶替新粮、虚增入库成本等手段套取差价，骗取中央储备粮贷款和贷款利息、管理费用等财政补贴的，由国家粮食行政管理部门、国务院财政部门按照各自职责责成中国储备粮管理总公司对其限期改正，并责令退回骗取的中央储备粮贷款和贷款利息、管理费用等财政补贴；有违法所得的，没收违法所得；对直接负责的主管人员给予降级直至开除的纪律处分；对其他直接责任人员给予警告直至开除的纪律处分；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任；对中央储备粮代储企业，取消其代储资格。

Fhe thesis analyes the MonitOAng and Early WaIning SysternS against the financial risks and itS cOUnforasures, alIns at obtaining a PrO- W comPrehension Of the cause and specilic exaInlification, and further- ly fmding out a scientic and reasonabe founation and sOhition to gUnd and sohe the financial risks, thrOUgh the way cOInbining ...

本文对财政风险监测预警系统及对策的研究，目的在于通过定性与定量分析相结合的思路，对财政风险产生的原因及具体表现有一个较为深入的认识，并为如何防范和化解财政风险提供科学、合理的解决方法。

The evaluation process of settling accounts for financial investment projects is usually just the same as those of other projects but the former uses the money from taxers .

财政投资工程结算审核程序与其他工程结算审核程序基本相同，但财政投资工程使用的是纳税人的钱，工程结算审核的过程实质上是财政监督与管理的过程，肩负着维护国家利益的使命和责任。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐