财务

Because traditional finance subject utmostly canonize the rational selected mode and methodology which keep the form of the financial interest need of the enterprise and its stockholders and the network of their financial relationship out of its analytic area, so liking the mainstream economics, traditional finance subject can not offer trustworthy explains to many financial affairs and can not prescribe the right policy prescription to the important financial problems, either. As a result of the logistic and realistic errors in the traditional mode, it will have an important and practical meaning to bring the new system principle into the analytic area of the financial subject and to develop the financial theory. The main points of this dissertation are as follows: The financial affairs of an enterprise are not the inner actions of the individual firm, but the function of the financial network of stockholders, so we should use the limit of the affairs not the inner property or inner driving force to interpret the financial affairs of an enterprise, we should use the method of circuital analysis not of individual analysis to investigate the financial affairs of an enterprise; The financial affairs of an enterprise is a social behavior, it is involved in the social structure and is restricted by the social structure, so we should care for the social characters, social responsibilities and social effects of the financial affairs of an enterprise; The financial network of stockholders is composed of five phases as follows: the finance of external stockholders, the finance of the operator, the finance of function, the finance of subsection and the finance of the stuff, in which the finance of the operator is dominant; The operational intensity and efficiency of the financial network of stockholders are influenced by technical factor as well as institutional factor, in which institutional factor is the fundamental character of financial affairs. Ultimately the substance of the financial affairs is the arrangement and operation for the financial system by stockholders; The relationship between enterprise and its stockholders is cooperative and conflicting. The important mechanism to solve the financial conflict between stockholders is the construction of the financial system, including the formal and informal system construction. Information and faith are the important mechanism to coordinate the financial conflict between stockholders, so we should pay much attention to the research of formal and informal system.

本文的主要观点是：企业财务行为不是企业个体内部的行为，而是利益相关者财务网络行为，因此应当用对行为的结构限制而不是企业个体的内在属性或内在驱力来解释企业的财务行为，用网络分析的方法而不是个体分析的方法研究企业财务行为；企业财务行为是一种社会行为，它嵌入于社会结构之中，受企业财务所处的社会结构的限定，因此应当关注企业财务行为的社会性质、社会责任和社会后果；利益相关者财务网络内含外部利益相关者财务、经营者财务、职能财务、分部财务和员工财务五个层次，其中经营者财务在其中占据主导地位；利益相关者财务网络的运作强度与运作效率既受技术性因素的影响，又受制度性因素的影响，其中制度性是财务的根本属性，企业财务的实质说到底还是面向利益相关者的一种财务制度性的安排与运作；企业与利益相关者之间以及利益相关者相互之间的财务关系具有合作性与冲突性，化解利益相关者财务冲突的重要机制是财务性的制度建设，包括正式制度建设与非正式制度建设，信息和信任是协调利益相关者财务冲突的重要机制，因此应当高度关注财务的正式和非正式制度的研究。

This paper quantitates financial risk by constituting the model of measurement financial risk. And the samples are from the public companies'merger and acquisition from 2002 to 2005, this paper demonstrates perfectly the influence of financial risk of acquisition companies from different payment methods. The result of test analysis shows: in one side, the theory of risk-return is unfit in China (by being educed conclusions by other students: different payment methods bring different return, then the author detrusions different payment methods bringing different financial risk, and being tested direct proportion each other); in the other side, this paper answers different payment methods bringing different degree financial risk of acquisition companies: the smallest financial risk from cash payment method, the mean from commingle payment method, the biggest from stock payment method, which can supply reference in the choice of rational companies between payment methods and financial risk .

通过建立企业财务风险度量模型，将企业财务风险量化，并以中国上市公司2002年—2005年间的并购案中所采用的支付方式为样本，对我国上市公司并购中不同支付方式对并购方财务风险的影响做一个较系统、完善的实证检验，一方面从理论上验证了风险-收益理论的在我国的不具有适用性（通过对前人研究结论：不同支付方式带来不同收益，进而反推不同支付方式带来不同的财务风险，验证得出二者成正比关系）；另一方面回答在我国目前市场条件下并购中的不同支付方式引起收购公司不同程度的财务风险，其中现金支付方式下给收购公司带来的财务风险最小；混合支付次之，股票支付方式下财务风险最大，能给企业在并购时选择支付方式与财务风险的最佳组合提供参考。

These issues and problems make the corporational groups lose control of their finance and the disappearances of national assets arise repeatedly.

本文根据企业集团财务控制的相关概念和理论基础，对企业集团财务控制的概念及特点进行了系统剖析，力图构建一个企业集团财务控制理论体系的基本框架；从S高速集团财务控制的现状出发，依据提出的财务控制的理论，对S高速集团财务控制问题进行系统的研究，重点从完善母子公司治理结构、强化预算控制、集中控制集团资金、委派独立财务总监、加强内部审计、完善内部信息制度等八个方面提出了相应的对策。S高速集团是我国特大型国有独资企业，集团资产规模位居省管企业第一名，列2006年度"中国最大500家企业"第314位，本文选择S高速集团财务控制问题作为研究对象，具有一定代表意义。

Under the guidance of ecology, stakeholder theory and finance environment theory, this paper made an analogy between natural ecosystem and financial ecosystem, firstly define the connotation of financial ecosystem, analyze its ecological characteristics, and then from the aspect of financial information flow, construct a financial ecosystem model which is made up of producer, consumer, decomposer and environment, and the function of each part is also analyzed.

该文以上市公司财务生态系统的构建为主题，界定了财务生态系统的内涵，分析了财务生态系统的生态特征，并建立了财务生态系统的结构模型，但文章存在以下主要问题：（1）财务的生态特性与其经济特性和管理特性是难以分割的，特别是企业的财务决策反映了不同利益主体的经济行为和管理行为之间的利益博弈，而该文在讨论中并没有涉及这些重要问题。

The advent of the era of knowledge economy widened the space for the development of financial management and scope of change in the financial management methods and content, will the concept of financial management, financial management objectives, financial management, financial management and financial reporting model as far-reaching influence, we must creat financial management concepts, goals, methods, content and financial reporting model ,make the enterprise financial management goals evolute to a higher level,convert the original pursuing their own interests and objectives to maximize wealth of knowledge to maximize the financial management Target.

知识经济时代的来临拓宽了财务管理发展的空间和范围，改变了财务管理方式与内容，将对财务管理观念、财务管理目标、财务管理方式、财务管理内容和财务报告模式产生深远地影响，必须对企业财务管理观念、目标、方式、内容以及财务报告模式进行创新，促使企业财务管理的目标向高层次演化，把原有追求企业自身利益和财富最大化的目标将转向知识最大化的财务管理目标。

To study the policy about accounting transaction of exploration, development, extraction and selection according to production procedure in extractive coal industry, three-dimension presentation model of information on economic interest, social responsibility, resource and protecting environment.

按照煤炭采掘业生产程序分别对勘查阶段、开发阶段、采掘阶段和洗选阶段的会计处理，以及关于经济利益、社会责任和资源与环保信息的三维呈报模式进行政策性研究；即财务报告表述模式由主要财务报告(基本财务报表和特定财务报表)、辅助财务报告(财务报表附表和财务报表附注)和补充财务报告三维模式构成，特别是主要财务报告划分出财务报告使用者的共同需求和主要利益相关者的特定需求的基本财务报表和特定财务报表。

This paper first in introduction in have analysed commercial bank financial risk the necessariness of avoiding , then the meaning for commercial bank financial risk have made simple expound , and have discussed commercial bank financial risk the importance that avoided , then, have enumerated the 4 expression types of commercial bank financial risk, the 3th in paper is partial to have analysed the external reason and internal reason that produces financial risk , avoids idea and establishment finally since cultivating commercial bank financial risk to improve suitable accounting management system , found financial risk the supervisor guarantee that avoided systematic, perfect risk disclosure and report system and raising the 5 aspects such as the quality of bank people have discussed commercial bank financial risk emphatically avoid strategy.

本文首先在绪论中分析了商业银行财务风险规避的必要性，接着对商业银行财务风险的含义作了简单的阐明，并论述了商业银行财务风险规避的重要性，然后列举了商业银行财务风险的四个表现类型，在论文的第三部份分析了产生财务风险的外部原因与内部原因，最后从培育商业银行财务风险规避观念、建立健全适宜的会计管理体制、构建财务风险规避的监督保障系统、完善风险披露和报告制度及提高银行人员的素质等五个方面着重论述了商业银行财务风险的规避策略。

Quaestor刑事推事,主管财务官吏Any of various public officials in ancient Rome responsible for finance and administration in various areas of government and the military.

古罗马的财务官：在古罗马，负责各个地区政府和军队的财政和行政管理的政府官员

The financial governance is very important for corporate as an independent behavior subject and also interplays with the financial environment and individual characteristics. The financial behavior incentive mechanism is the dynamical mechanism in the selection of financial behavior.

由于企业财务行为是企业对理财环境刺激的反应，企业自身与理财环境都是影响企业财务行为选择的内生变量，都会对企业财务行为产生激励作用，因而企业财务行为激励机制可分为自我激励机制和外部激励机制，前者是企业自身对财务行为的自主的、内在的激励机制，后者是理财环境对财务行为的外在激励机制，这两者是相互影响的，因此应从这两个方面来完善我国企业的财务行为激励机制；财务行为约束机制是财务行为的制衡机制。

Step 3.4.4: Financial Modeling 步骤3.4.4:财务模型步骤: Process: Using mathematical models containing low-case,expected-case and high-case assumptions, Hewitt consultants will produce projected financial outcomes of the programs.

w 程序：通过使用包含有各种设想的数学模型，程序：通过使用包含有各种设想的数学模型，翰威特的咨询顾问将确定这些方案的预期财务结果。财务结果。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。