负荷

Base load 〖electricity〗: The minimum load over a given period of time.

基底负荷〖电力〗：在一定时期内的最小负荷。

Appling the enterprising function of load management system to serve for marketing management is the base of load management system existing and developing.

积极创新应用负荷管理系统开发新功能从充分利用系统资源出发，发挥系统的潜在能力，使创新应用负荷管理系统取得突破性的进展。1

We also see that the annual peak load is 15GW . The base load has to be fed 100 percent of the time , but the peak load may occur for only 0.1 percent of the time .

我们还注意到，每年系统需求的平均最大值是15GW，而这已经需要百分之一百的时间去提供基本负荷了，但是高峰负荷只会出现0.1秒而已。

Simulation different load rate base on ZIP load model in IEEE5 and IEEE30. and get the difference P-V curves.

介绍了对于ZIP负荷模型，不同的负荷分配对电压稳定性所产生的影响。

Comparing with other renewable energies, geothermal energy is stored underground and independent ofweather. It can be used both for base load and peak power.

地热能储存于地下，不受气候条件的影响，既可作为基本负荷能，也可作为峰值负荷能使用。

The main research results in this dissertation can be given as following:Firstly, the bidding strategies and affections of generation companies on the TOU power price are analyzed; Supply function model is employed to simulate the bidding strategies of generation companies in power pool. Some meaningful results are obtained through the proposed equilibrium equations model, when different bidding parameters are selected to maximize profit of suppliers, such as the the numeral of generation company, the block bidding, and power demand elasticity. Based on these results, the affections between the bidding strategies and the TOU power price are discussed.Secondly, the important principles consider the factor of bidding strategies of generation companies and consumers gaming strategies are proposed to constitute the new TOU power price model under present electricity market. Based on these pricinples a new mathematical model of TOU power price is constructed, to evade electricity market risk, partition the peak-valley, ascertain the consumers' response curve, and protect the ambilateral profits.Thirdly, the affections of the TOU power price strategies for reducing the network loss, adjusting node voltage, improving load curve of power system, and protecting the consumers' benefits in electricity market are analyzed with applications of a city real time load data of Jiangsu province.

针对"厂网分开，竞价上网"的电力市场运营模式，本文主要完成了以下研究工作：1研究了发电商不同的竞价上网策略，利用供给函数均衡方法，建立了发电商的竞价上网策略模型，给出了市场均衡解的具体解法；讨论了不同条件下发电商的竞价策略对市场的影响，并获得了发电商的最优上网竞价策略，明确了竞价上网与峰谷分时电价之间的影响因素；利用电力系统负荷曲线，建立了发电商最优竞价策略与峰谷分时电价之间的相互联系，通过仿真算例分析了峰谷分时电价与发电商最优报价之间的相互影响。2提出了"厂网分开，竞价上网"电力市场模式下，考虑发电侧竞价和用户侧博弈等风险因素影响，峰谷分时电价理论建模在规避电网企业运营风险，保护供电方与用户双方的利益、确定用户响应曲线、划分峰谷时段、设置合理的电价拉开比等方面所应遵循的基本原则，在此基础上建立了适合电力市场模式的峰谷分时电价模型。3从原理上分析了需求侧实行峰谷分时电价策略，对削峰填谷，提高负荷率，改善负荷曲线形状，降低电力系统的电能损耗和电压损耗等方面的影响，并进行了仿真验证。

Cyclic loading, especially with a continuously changing center of force application, howeer, induces shear forces in the material.

循环负荷，尤其是应用一种连续变化受力中心的负荷，会对材料形成剪切应力。

Cyclic loading, especially with a continuously changing center of force application, howeer, induce s shear forces in the material.

循环负荷，尤其是应用一种连续变化受力中心的负荷，会对材料形成剪切应力。

The results show: the most sensitive Chinese area to acid deposition is Podzolic soil area, then follow Latosol, Dark brown forest soil and Black soil areas; Ferraisol and Yellow-brown earth area in southern China can buffer about 0.8-1. 6 g Sm〓yr〓 sulfur deposition; the least sensitive areas to acid deposition are mainly Xerosol area in northwest China, Alpine soil area in the Qingzang Plateau, and Dark loessial soil and Chernozem areas; the main reason for lower critical load in northeastern areas and higher critical load in Ferralsol and Yellow-brown earth areas in China can be attributed to the obvious difference in temperature, humidity and soil properties.

研究表明：我国土壤对酸沉降最敏感的区域是漂灰土带，其次是砖红壤土区、暗棕壤带和黑土区，南部富铝土区域大致可接受O.8-1.6 g Sm〓yr〓的硫沉降，对酸沉降最不敏感的区域主要集中在西北干旱土和青藏高原的高山土区域以及黑垆土和黑钙土带；导致我国东北地区酸沉降临界负荷偏低和富铝土区域酸沉降临界负荷偏高的重要原因，是这些地区的气温、湿度和土壤质地存在显著差异。

Researches show that the drive force characteristics of the electric tractor drive system based on series DC motor is close the ideal characteristics, the curves are concave, low speed with constant power, and high speed with constant torque; the electric tractor has large working speed under different shifts, but the extensive coincidence speed shows that the variable ratio of the gear is unreasonable; the maximum climbable gradient of this electric tractor is more than 30%, and does not need frequent shift when working for its extensive climbable gradient; there are many influence factors of continuous working time, which the more obvious factors are working speed and working load, the working time increases with the increase of the working speed and working load.2. Simulation researches on the drive characteristic of the electric tractor.

研究结果表明：基于串励直流电动机(来源：ABC21论文网www.abclunwen.com)的电动拖拉机电驱动系统的驱动力特性场接近理想驱动力特性场，其各挡下的驱动力特性是一组下凹的曲线，低速恒转矩，高速恒功率；同一行驶速度下所对应高挡驱动力大于低挡驱动力，这是由电机的调速特性决定的；电动拖拉机各个挡位下具有较广的稳定作业速度范围，但是各个挡位之间速度重合的范围较多，说明所用变速箱变速比与电动机匹配不合理；电动拖拉机最大爬坡度达到30%以上，并且各挡爬坡度变化范围较广，作业过程中不需要频繁换挡；影响电动拖拉机连续作业时间的因素较多，其中作业行驶速度和作业负荷影响最为明显，作业负荷越大，连续作业时间就越短，作业速度越快，连续作业时间就越短。2、电动拖拉机驱动特性仿真研究。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。