负债的

This paper analyzed the situation of asset liability management of life insurance Company in china, evaluated the result and put forward some solving method according to the matter.

本文从实证的角度，分析了我国寿险公司资产负债管理现状，并以中国人寿保险公司为例，对我国寿险公司的利差损及资产负债管理现状进行实证研究，对我国近些年寿险业的发展状况以及存在的问题进行了客观的分析和评价，并对所存在的问题提出参考性解决方法。

There is essential difference between contingent liability and any other liability. The contingent liability are produced by long-term accumulative conflict of financial system, which is difficult to measure, foresee.

政府或有负债与政府财政所举借的债务有着本质区别，它主要不是财政自身运行过程造成的，而往往是经济体制转轨中各种矛盾的综合反映，是经济运行深层次矛盾长期积累的结果，同时，政府或有负债是一种不易准确估量、预测的债务，它的风险性更大，如果把握不好，极易引发财政危机和经济剧烈波动，甚至危及国家的政治稳定。

For instance, audit planning goes throughout the whole job, and the plan may be adjusted depeding on results from following work. On the occasion of continuous audit, working papers done in the previous years will be reviewed, along with results from pre-finals. When breaking down the general leger balances on the field, auditors determine the breakdown rule by comprehensively considering the cycle, the flux, and the materiality. The "Voucher→Books" route will be considered when auditing some liabilities accounts, preventing the client to "decrease" its liabilities.

比如审计计划贯穿整个工作的始终，并且可能会随着后续阶段的结果而发生变化；连续审计的情况下，通常要看客户上一年度的底稿和预审的结果；在客户现场就总账余额列明细时，审计师们会结合循环特点、波动水平、之前定下的重要性水平综合考虑明细分类的标准；在审计一些负债类科目时实行的是"证→账"路线，以防客户虚减负债。

It's found that, the liability of Taiwan-funded enterprises, is mostly composed of operating liability and short-term loan, the ratio of debt to financial institution is not high and the debt is mostly short-term; Financing from the bank or financial institution is important fund source for Taiwan-funded enterprises, especially regarding revolving fund; and moreover it shows that macroeconomic policy, legal restriction and bad financial behavior is the principal reason causing the Taiwan-funded enterprises' difficulty in debt-finance in China mainland.

研究发现，台资企业的负债融资主要是依靠经营性负债和短期隆借款；向金融机构借款的比率并不高，且借款形式以短期借款为主；向大陆中资银行或金融机构的融资是台资企业重要的资金来源，尤其是在周转金安排上；造成台资企业在大陆借贷困难的主要原因是宏观经济政策、法令限制和企业自身财务的不佳。

For Berkshire's shareholders, myself included, the cost of this thumb-sucking has been huge. o Our consistently-conservative financial policies may appear to have been a mistake, but in my view were not. In retrospect, it is clear that significantly higher, though still conventional, leverage ratios at Berkshire would have produced considerably better returns on equity than the 23.8% we have actually averaged. Even in 1965, perhaps we could have judged there to be a 99% probability that higher leverage would lead to nothing but good. Correspondingly, we might have seen only a 1% chance that some shock factor, external or internal, would cause a conventional debt ratio to produce a result falling somewhere between temporary anguish and default.

另外我们一贯保守财务政策可能也是一种错误，不过就我个人的看法却不认为如此，回想起来，很明显的我们只要能够再多用一点财务杠杆操作(虽然较之他人还是很保守)，就可以得到远比现在每年平均 23.8%还要高的投资报酬率，即使是在 1965 年我们也可以百分之九十九地确定高一点的财务杠杆绝对只有好处没有坏处，但同时我们可能也会有百分之一的机会，不管是从内部或是外部所引发令人异想不到的因素，使得我们负债比率提高到介于一时冲高到负债倒闭之间。

The terms indebtedness and obligations are used herein in their most comprehensive sense and include any and all advances, debts, obligations and liabilities of Seller, heretofore, now, or hereafter made, incurred or created, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, and however arising whether due or not due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or undetermined, whether Seller may be liable individually or jointly with others, whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable, and includes Sellers prompt, full and faithful performance, observance and discharge of each and every term, condition, agreement, representation, warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by Seller under these Agreements.

这里的术语"负债""债务"应按照各自最广泛的含义被使用，债务包括卖方先前、现在和今后，基于自愿或非自愿发生的所有预付款、负债、债务和责任，不论债务如何产生，，不论债务是否已经到期、是否必然发生、是否已清算、是否已决，不论卖方是单独或与他人连带承担责任，不论债务的追偿是否已经或将会受到时效法的阻碍，也不论债务是否已经或将要无法强制执行，卖方应当即时、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部条款、条件、协议、陈述、担保义务和这些协议项下卖方应当履行的条款。

Whether due or not due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or undetermined, whether Seller may be liable individually or jointly with others, whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable, and includes Sellers prompt, full and faithful performance, observance and discharge of each and every term, condition, agreement, representation, warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by Seller under these Agreements.

这里的术语"负债""债务"应按照各自最广泛的含义被使用，债务包括卖方先前、现在和今后，基于自愿或非自愿发生的所有预付款、负债、债务和责任，不论债务如何产生，，不论债务是否已经到期、是否必然发生、是否已清算、是否已决，不论卖方是单独或与他人连带承担责任，不论债务的追偿是否已经或将会受到时效法的阻碍，也不论债务是否已经或将要无法强制执行，卖方应当即时、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部条款、条件、协议、陈述、担保义务和这些协议项下卖方应当履行的条款。

The primary forms of interest rate risk to which banks are typically exposed are:(1) repricing risk, which arises from timing differences in the maturity and repricing of bank assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet positions;(2) yield curve risk , which arises from changes in the slope and shape of the yield curve;(3) basis risk, which arises from imperfect correlation in the adjustment of the rates earned and paid on different instruments with otherwise similar repricing characteristics; and (4) optionality, which arises from the expressed or implied options imbedded in many bank assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet portfolios.

银行面对的利率风险主要表现为以下几种形式：（1）再定价风险，它产生于银行资产、负债和表外业务的期限不匹配和利率调整的幅度不一致；（2）收益曲线风险，它产生于收益曲线的斜率和形状发生的变化；（3）基本点风险，与再定价风险相似，它主要来自对不同金融工具收取和支付的利率不成比率的变动；（4）选择权，它产生于银行资产、负债、表外业务中存在的或明或暗的选择权。

It must be pointed out that the net income shown in the income statement is an accounting profit, not cash flow. In the computation of accounting profit, cash receipts from selling farecards are not recognised as revenue. Rather, they are "Unearned Revenue" classified under Current Liabilities.

这里要特别指出的是，损益表呈现的是公司的&会计损益&，而不是&现金收支&，例如巴士公司售出车资卡收进的现金并非营业收入，而是&预收收入&，属于流动负债，因此表现于资产负债表中的负债，而非损益表中的收入。

It must be pointed out that the net income shown in the income statement is an accounting profit, not cash flow. Inthe computation of accounting profit, cash receipts from selling farecards are not recognised as revenue. Rather, they are "Unearned Revenue" classified under Current Liabilities.

这里要特别指出的是，损益表呈现的是公司的&会计损益&，而不是&现金收支&，例如巴士公司售出车资卡收进的现金并非营业收入，而是&预收收入&，属于流动负债，因此表现于资产负债表中的负债，而非损益表中的收入。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。