谱半径

Alternatively, the spectral softening above 2 GeV could be due to gamma-ray absorption via photon-photon pair production on the soft X-ray photon field of the host active galactic nucleus, but such an interpretation would require the dissipation region to be located very close (l~100 gravitational radii) to the black hole, which would be inconsistent with the X-ray spectrum of the source.

另外的关于2 GeV以上能谱变软的可能解释是高能光子和寄主活动星系核的软X射线辐射场通过电子对产生反应而被吸收，但是这个解释要求反应区域要很靠近中心黑洞(1~100倍引力半径)，这和3C 454.3的X射线测量谱相矛盾。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

The position and size of the monochromator, focusing curvature radii and tilting angles of the germanium focusing monochromator under different different take-off angle, size and divergency of the second collimator and intensity loss due to the use of it were determined. The neutron flux at different wavelength, under different reflection and take-off angle of the monochromator and divergency of the first collimator, were given. The simulation on the aperture used for limiting beam size in front of the sample showed that, smaller the size of the aperture and further the distance from the aperture to the sample, greater the loss of the intensity and more serious the spread of the beam along vertical direction at the sample position which makes the practical sampling volume greater than expected.

用蒙特卡罗模拟方法对中子应力衍射谱仪的设计方案进行了优化研究，提出了一系列可供参考的数据：确定了单色器的位置、尺寸、垂直聚焦单色器在不同起飞角下的聚焦曲率半径和倾角；讨论了第二准直器的尺寸和发散，以及使用第二准直器造成的强度损失；给出了在不同单色器反射面、起飞角、中子波长和第一准直器发散度的情况下样品处的中子注量率，以及多种组合情况下谱仪的分辨率曲线；对限束方孔的尺寸、距离样品远近对强度损失和测量中的影响做了深入研究。

The results show that the Ni-Fe coatings are acid-resistant to HNO3 and H2SO4.For Ni-Fe alloys without exfoliation,the EIS is composed by a capacitive arc at high frequency and an inductive arc at low frequency, and the radius of capacitive arc decreases rapidly and the inductive component weakens and disappears with time.

结果表明：Ni-Fe合金镀层具有良好的耐酸腐蚀性；在3.5wt%NaCl溶液中，腐蚀发生之前的镍铁合金镀层的电化学阻抗谱由一个高频容抗弧和一个低频的感抗弧组成；随着浸泡时间的延长，容抗弧半径快速减小，感抗弧减弱并消失。

We take the spherical harmonic functions as base functions on the spherical surface and other systems of orthogonal functions as base functions in the direction of radius. However.

据此，我们可以在球面上以球面调和函数为基函数而在半径方向以其它适当的正交函数系为基函数，从而构成一种混合谱方法。

The changes of nutrition in milk treated with different technologies are also determined. Results showed that, 1 higher pressure, longer holding time and more alternative times favour a larger destruction of microorganisms; 2 the combined effect of hurdle technology and pressure on the destruction of microorganisms in fresh raw milk is more effective than only using pressure treatment, among which the effect of ε-polylysine on inactivation of microorganism in fresh raw milk is more effective than that of Nisin with the same concentration of 100mg/L; 3 the whole proteins in milk treated by the different types of sterilization have been detected by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and comparing with the whole proteins' electrophoretogram of fresh raw milk, we found that the first spectrum band near the negative pole was disappeared and the colours of the second spectrum band was tint in UHT, pasteurism and 500MPa treated milks, which was suggested that some proteins' subunits were dissociated, but the 400MPa treated milk showed the similar eletrophoretogram with the fresh raw milk; 4 the loss of threonine, VA and VC in high pressure treated milk was more less than those in pasteurism treated milk, in particular threonine and VA were almost retained, and the contents of VB1 and VB2 in the former are also more than that in the latter; 5 high pressure treated milk had longer shelf life than pasteurism treated milk, extending the sale semidiameter of milk.

压力越高，保压时间越长，交变次数越多，杀菌效果越好；2）采用栅栏技术对牛乳中的微生物具有更有效的杀菌作用，其中相同浓度的（终浓度100mg/L）ε-聚赖氨酸较Nisin具有更强的杀菌效果；3）利用SDS-PAGE电泳研究了不同杀菌方式对牛乳总蛋白的影响，发现经UHT、巴氏和500MPa交变处理的牛乳与生鲜牛乳相比其总蛋白电泳图谱靠近负极方向第一条谱带消失，第二条谱带颜色变浅，由此推测经上述处理后牛乳中有一些蛋白质的亚基发生了解离，而经400MPa交变处理的牛乳与生鲜牛乳的总蛋白电泳图谱相似；4）超高压牛乳营养成分与生鲜牛乳相比，苏氨酸、VA、VC在超高压处理中受到的破坏明显比巴氏杀菌小得多，特别是苏氨酸和VA几乎完全被保留下来，而VC含量也要比巴氏奶高出25%以上，对于VB1、VB2，检测数据也表明，超高压灭菌对其破坏要比巴氏灭菌小，其含量分别比巴氏杀菌牛乳高出9.5%和2.6%；5）与巴氏杀菌乳相比，超高压杀菌有助于延长牛乳的保质期，扩大牛乳的销售半径。

The mechanical properties were characterized with nanoindenter and the stress was calculated using Stoney equation.

利用纳米压痕仪和光谱椭偏仪测试薄膜的力学性能和光学性能，利用KLA-Tencor台阶仪测试硅衬底在薄膜沉积前后的曲率半径，并根据Stoney方程计算薄膜应力，利用可见光拉曼光谱和电子能量损耗谱研究了薄膜的微结构。

The vapor content in the air had a complex influence on aerosol size distribution. The increasing of vapor content in some degree will mainly the effective radius of aerosol particle. But the overlarge vapor content may lead to remove of coarse particles in aerosol.

大气中的水汽含量对气溶胶粒子谱分布的影响较为复杂，当水汽含量在一定范围内增加时，将会增加气溶胶粒子的有效半径，但当水汽含量过大，却又易造成大粒子气溶胶的移出。

The possible reason is that doped Zr〓 ion enters the interstitial sites for its small ionic radius and no dipole complexes were formed. Monovalent ion F〓 has been reported to improve the scintillating performance greatly. Our results show that Agrand diagrams of F〓: PWO crystals obey an modified Cole-Cole equation. The crystals present similar dielectric relaxation phenomena to but have much higher activation energy than that of RE〓: PWO crystals, which originate from the 〓 dipole complexes. The co-doping of trivalent Y〓 and pentavalent ion Nb〓 does not always show a better scintillation performance than that of solely doped samples, which could be attributed to the existence of the 〓 dipole complexes, which counteract the solely doping effect.

而Zr〓由于离子半径太小，可能进入间隙位置，不形成类似的偶极缺陷；一价负离子F〓的掺入提高了晶体闪烁性能，阻抗谱测试结果表明F〓：PWO晶体Argand图符合修正的Cole—Cole方程，晶体同样表现出介电弛豫现象，并具有比RE〓：PWO晶体中高得多的弛豫激活能，可能起源于形成的〓偶极缺陷；Y〓和Nb〓双掺的PWO晶体并没有显示出两种离子单掺优点的叠加，阻抗谱测量结果表明，在双掺晶体中可能形成〓偶极缺陷，使两者掺杂作用相互抵消。

But uneven deposition rate along the radius of the sample holder is also found by infrared analysis technology when sample is deposited in magnetic field profile,which is produced by the coil current with 137.7A if the SmCo permanent magnet is equipped under the substrate holder.

通过红外吸收谱技术分析，虽然样品台下面放置钐钴永磁体并使磁场线圈电流为137.7A下能得到最大的沉积速率，但是沿样品台半径方向沉积速率呈现很明显的不均匀分布。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。