课程设置

The first part introduces MPA's historical development in America and its particular characteristics. This partmainly focuses on 5 main characteristics, namely,(1) the development of practical skills as the highest priority in their educational formation,(2) the experience-oriented enrollment system;(3) the perfected curriculum setting,(4) the effective and flexible teaching methods, and (5) the highly trained faculty. The second part analyzes the background and key problems of Chinese MPA's education. It includes a lack of specialized educational aims, an overly grade-conscious enrolment system, a need for a more flexible curriculum, a shortage of "case-oriented" teaching methods and the dearth of a highly trained faculty. The third part proposes a theoretical framework based on the MPA educational model.

本文首先阐述了美国MPA教育的发展历程，并在追溯历史的基础上总结了美国MPA教育的主要特点，即：能力为先的培养目标、注重经历的招生办法、完善多样的课程设置、灵活有效的教学方式以及专兼结合的师资队伍五个方面；然后分析了我国MPA教育产生与发展的宏观背景与学科背景，并从MPA教育微观层面对我国目前存在的主要问题进行剖析，这些问题包括培养目标缺乏个性、招生录取偏重分数、课程设置弹性不足、案例教学较为薄弱、队伍建设有待加强；再从MPA教育的学科性质、培养目标、学科基础、课程设置、馨糕孺教学方法等方面构筑了MPA教育的基本理论框架：最后，提出了我国MPA教育改革与发展的基本思路与主要对策，思路着眼于MPA教育的长远发展，对策主要针对目前我国MPA教育存在的主要问题，包括：适时调整宏观政策、加大教学创新力度、强化师资队伍建设、加强硬件环境建设以及构建开放教育网络五个方面。

Presently, colleges and universities that teacher's education engaged in have widespread questions: lack conscious understanding to math teacher education specialization, lack adequate understanding to the variation of math curriculum context in the basic education reform, vie with the curriculum setting of comprehensive university blindly, the influence that inveteracy of traditional math curriculum setting, and so on.

当前从事教师教育的高校普遍存在着：对数学教师教育专业化缺乏清醒地认识；对基础教育改革中数学课程内容变化缺乏足够的认识；盲目攀比综合性大学的课程设置；传统数学课程设置根深蒂固的影响等问题。

The result shows that: with the expansion of teacher education space, the reform and development of Chinese teacher education is much closer or equal to that of the international teacher education. The transitional stage and education reform in China puts forward a new demand for P. E. talents. The innovation as to education object, specification and curriculum arrangement raised in P. E. Curriculum Arrangement for Chinese Universities with four-year Program published in 2003 meets such a demand, and narrows the gap of education development in high P. E. academy between China and foreign countries. P. E. teachers abroad are usually cultivated by comprehensive universities, the cultivating objectives are verified, and generalists adapted to social development are emphasized. Cultivating mode abroad are various, with "open-type" or "non-directional type" as the main mode, and 4-year program, 5-year program, and 3-year program serve as the main form of education system. Curriculum arrangement abroad stresses general education, with foundationalization, normalization, objectification, optionalization, miniaturization, internationalization and syntheticalization as its characteristics and it employs credit system. The close-typed cultivating mode of P. E. academies in China should be gradually transformed into open-type or multi-type, cultivating generalists instead of specialists, and further constructing a new one with several cultivating types co-existing. Orientation of P.E. teachers in China should follow standard principle, coordination principle, experience principle and resource principle. To improve P.E teacher education in China, the following measures can be taken: relevant laws and regulations should be made for orientation; P.E teachers" training organization should be encouraged to participate in orientation; extension and connotation of P.E. teacher education should be expanded; resources should be optimize; systematic P.E. teachers" orientations should be organized;"Life P.E. Teacher Qualification "should be changed; useful-life should be set for P. E. teacher qualification; P.E. teacher qualification should be regularly authenticated; On-job training of P. E. teachers abroad tends to be systematic, but in China P.E. teachers" on-job training and prevocational training are separated; therefore measures must be taken to change this circumstance and thus speed up the systematic process. Factors concerning constructing a new system of P. E teachers are the following: reconstructing resources, making P.E. teachers" cultivation, orientation and training systematic, establishing a mechanism for encouragement and punishment, making school-based training and college training systematic, and setting up a mechanism combining directional training with non-directional training.

研究结果表明：随着教师教育革新空间的拓展，我国体育教师教育的改革与发展水平逐步与国际体育教师教育发展趋于接轨化。2003年颁布的《全国普通高校体育教育本科专业课程方案》在培养目标和规格、课程设置上的创新性，适应了我国社会转型和教育改革对体育教育专业人才的需求，进一步缩小了与国外高等体育院系教育发展的差距；国外体育教师一般由综合性大学或文理多科性大学培养，培养目标多向化，以培养适应社会发展的通才型人才为主；培养模式灵活多样，多数以"开放型"或"非定向型"培养模式为主，学制多以4年制、5年制、3年为主；课程设置上注重通识教育，突出基础化、师范化、针对化、选修化、小型化、国际化和综合化特点，实行完全学分制的教育管理制度；我国普通高校体育教育本科专业人才培养模式应该由封闭性转向开放式混合型的人才培养模式转变，由专才型转向复合型人才培养模式转变，构建多种类型并存的人才培养模式；我国体育教师入职教育革新应遵循的原则是本位原则、协同原则、经验原则和时间与资源原则，改进措施有：做好入职教育的法规化、制度化建设，激励体育师资培育机构参与体育教师的入职教育，拓展体育教师教育的外延和内涵，优化整合资源，系统组织体育教师的入职教育，改变体育教师资格"终身制"，设定体育教师资格有效期限，推行教师资格定期认证制度等；国际上体育教师在职培训体系显现了体育教师教育一体化的发展取向，但我国体育教师的在职培训与职前培养存在分离性，必须采取改革措施，加速我国体育教师教育的一体化进程；构建体育教师教育新体系的实施要素是：重组资源配置，实现体育教师培养、入职和培训一体化，建立奖惩机制，实现校本与院校培训一体化，建立体育教师定向与非定向培养培训有机结合机制。

Now high schools have two main tasks: propaedeutic to enter a higher school and propaedeutic to take up an occupation after graduation. So how should we adjust and enrich various resources according to the spirit of the reform in the whole country and local schools and in terms of the history、tradition and current situation of schools? And how to change the style of administration on new curriculum during the process of carrying it out in order to adapt to the requirement for the setting-up and implementation of new curriculum? It is really a big challenge for the stabilization and innovation of schools.

如何按照国家和地方课程改革的精神，根据学校的历史传统和现实情况的实际，调整和充实各种教育资源，合理地设置国家课程和学校课程，构建符合课程改革要求并具有学校鲜明特色的课程体系，以及在实施新课程的过程中如何适当地改革课程管理方式以适应课程设置与实施的要求，都对承担着升学预备教育和就业预备教育双重任务的普通高中提出了巨大的挑战，对高中学校的稳定、创新与发展提出了严峻的考验。

A wide range of methods of educational evaluation is used to improve the students potential, their individuality and their creativity.Based on large amount of practicing work, comparing research has been done on the international trend of physics curriculum reformation nowadays and the direction of physics curriculum reformation in China. Then in order to perfect the consultive version of high school physics curriculum standard in Shanghai, suggestions have been given on curriculum target, curriculum setting, curriculum content and curriculum evaluation.

本文在实践工作的基础之上，通过比较研究当今世界各国物理课程标准改革的总体趋势和我国物理课程标准的发展方向，针对《上海市中学物理课程标准》的修订，对中学物理课程定位、课程理念、课程目标、课程设置、课程内容和课程评价进行梳理并提出修改意见。

Taking employment in high colleges and universities as the guidance,from the thought vision of taking the pand rofessional post ability as the standard post, on the basis of exploring the society standard education and the professional usable sports education,this article analyzes the main curriculum pattern of sports curriculum teaching in our country higher colleges and universities,and proposes some preliminary ideas and suggestion of usable sports curriculum in higher professional colleges and universities .

从高职院校以就业为导向、按岗位设专业、以职业岗位能力为本位的教育思想的视角，在阐述&社会本位&教育与&职业实用性体育&教育的基础上，分析了我国高等职业院校体育课程教学的主要课程设置模式，提出了高职院校职业实用性体育课程设置的一些初步设想和建议。

The emphasis of building moden vocational education curriculum system is to achieve the vocationalization of curriclum system,platform of curriculum setup,modularization of specialty curriculum,variety of curriculum mode and socialization of curriculum evaluation.

构建现代职业教育课程体系，重点在于实现课程体系职业化、课程设置平台化、专业课程模块化、课程形式多样化、课程评价社会化。

For example, because of the lack of curriculum inspection system, the aim of curriculum averts from the aim of student\'s cultivation, the settlement of curriculum tends to copy or simplify the settlement of undergraduate curriculum, the contents of the curriculum can hardly follow the steps of the times etc. Also, because of different apprehension about the function of educational research in improving teachers professional development, many faculties\' ideas seems to be behind the requirement of steps of the times. Their value inclination "lay much importance upon science, theory, knowledge and look down upon technology, practice, ability" is exercising potential influence on students\' value tendency in their study.

比如，由于缺乏对课程设置的审议制度，导致高职院校的课程设置倾向照搬或者压缩本科院校的相关课程，课程目标偏离高职教育人才培养的目标，课程内容跟不上技术发展的步伐等；由于教师对教育科研在教师专业发展中的作用认识不一，不少教师的理念往往滞后于时代发展的要求，不同程度上呈现出&重理论轻实践&、&重科学轻技术&和&重知识轻技能&的价值倾向，潜移默化地影响到学生在学习过程中的价值取向。

Combining with the practice of curriculum setting in our primary command vocational education academy at moment, according to the guidance, course and policy of vocational education from headquarters at high level, theory of education target assorting, principle of Thaler, degree theory, category and sequence, means of differentiation and plan are applied comprehensively, and the principle of curriculum setting and curriculum system structure in primary command vocational education academy are pointed out, and the target of vocational education in primary command academy, the principle , contents and methods of curriculum target setting are circumstantiated through investigation and consultation, theoretic analysis and general comparison; the process of curriculum setting in primary command vocational education academy is defined; the curriculum system of vocational education in primary command academy is devised innovatively; with regard to the implementation and optimization of curriculum in military primary command academy, general requirements and basic principles and standards are proposed after pointing out the influencing factors and implementation process.

通过调查咨询、理论分析研究、综合对照比较，结合当前我军初级指挥院校任职教育课程设置的实际，以军委总部关于任职教育的指导思想、方针和政策为政策依据，综合运用了教育目标分类理论、泰勒原理、学历论、范畴与序列、分化与统整等原理和方法，确立了军队初级指挥院校任职教育课程设置的原则；具体设想了适应军队初级指挥院校任职教育的课程体系架构，说明了初级指挥院校任职教育目标与课程目标确立的原则、内容和方法；阐述了初级指挥院校任职教育课程设置的程序；创新提出了初级指挥院校任职教育模块式的课程体系方案，并具体研究提出了合训分流学员的教育内容设置；就军队初级指挥院校任职教育课程实施，分析了影响因素，提出了总体要求，探讨了课程实施过程中主要环节的质量控制。

Based on the analysis of the problems existing in the school system ,majors, courses and practice,this article puts forward that we should break the school system ,restructure the major division and the arrangement of courses,establish complete credit system,set up a new method di- viding majors and establish three systems of practice training.

高职院校树立为市场服务的思想，与时俱进，大胆改革、创新，针对高职院校存在的学制、专业、课程、实训等方面的弊端，从学制、专业、课程设置的改革，提出打破学制，打破现行专业、课程设置的模式，建立完全学分制，建立专业大类划分法。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。