课程的

Teacher, as the erector and developer of curficumilum, should reinforce learning and understanding the idea of new curriculum so that they could bring new curricumilum idea into teaching practice.

教师作为课程建设者和开发者，应加强学习和理会新课程的理念，同时不断将新课程理念深入到教学中。

Essentialist curricula have made the idea turn from empirical to theoretical, thus having led to the establishing of the theoretical formation of disciplinary courses.

要素主义课程使学科课程思想从经验化转向了理论化，确立了学科课程的理论形态。

The coursework and practicum for this degree program are based on the MA in Professional Counseling Program.

在课程和学位课程的实习这是根据千年生态系统评估专业辅导课程。

As an important part of education research and school curriculum, recessive course plays an important role in students' all-round development.

摘要隐性课程是课程研究中的一个重要内容，是学校课程的重要组成部分，具有显性课程无法替代的作用。

The "design basis" course is the most important rudiment in design courses of landscape architecture.

"设计基础"课程是景观学专业设计类课程的核心入门课程。

Through the analysis and investigation on the present teaching program of the representative 26 universities found at present aerobics major course of specialty of physical educationhave many insufficiency: target oretation is imperfect, neglect skill cultivatement; the curriculum content is irregular, insufficiently attention on the physique and the dancer training and the medical care and the movement damage; The development of functional exercises is current tendency, but has the certain difficulty, the main reason is the equipment is insufficient, generally the investment of aerobics major course is insufficient;Curriculum study is difference, the skill study is few, cannot satisfy the demand to cultivate specialist; The teaching appraisal system is not science, mainly take the end test as the major targets or quotas, pay more attention to technical inspection, neglect its synthesis influence to the students' physical and psychological quality, cann't utilize self-comment, the other comments, mutually comments.

通过对具有代表性的26所高校的现行教学大纲的资料分析、调查发现，目前体育育专业健美操课程存在的不足主要体现在：课程目标定位不完善，忽视技能培养；课程内容参差不齐，不够重视形体与舞姿训练、卫生保健与运动损伤知识；拓展功能健身操是当前的一大发展趋势，但是存在一定的困难，主要原因是场地器材不足，普遍存在着对健美操课程的投资力度不够的现象；课程的学时比例差异大，技能学时偏少，不能满足培养人才的需求；教学评价体系不够科学，主要以终结性考试为主要指标，忽视评价诊断特性和过程性，没有将自评、他评、互评综合运用。

It is found out that the social environment in carrying out the new curriculum demand prompt optimization; there exist unadapted factors between modes of thinking, system, mechanism, leadership in school management and the teachers'carrying out of the new curriculum and there are the problems that the teachers'modes of thinking remain at an undeveloped stage, academic quality is low, the condition of existence and development is not so good, and some teachers'enthusiasm to curriculum reform is not so high and they even resist it.

针对武川县农村初中教师实施新课程面临的问题，笔者提出了改进的对策及建议：进一步优化社会环境；创新学校管理，树立与新课程相适应的学校管理观念，建立与新课程相适应的学校管理制度和管理机制，改进校长对课程的领导；采取措施，加强教师培训，提高教师素质，创建新型的教师文化，关注农村教师的生存和发展困境，为他们创设良好的工作、生活和心理环境，切实解决农村教师在课程改革中面临的实际困难和问题。

Research indicates that technique curriculum implemented on school level shows such characters:(1) For the subject reception, students, Teachers, schoolmasters and teaching researchers all agree on the importance of technique curriculum, but Students and Teachers have lower degree on the subject reception of the curriculum text. As the curriculum value recognized by Student and Teachers, general technique is"enhance the applicatory ability","sense the technique during the daily life", information technique is"inspire the innovation","cultivate information management and exchange ability"; Teachers and teaching researchers oppugn the curriculum aim orientation on information literature; Students and Schoolmasters'understanding on the general technique curriculum doesn't agree with their action.

研究发现，学校实施的技术课程表现出如下特征：第一，主体认同方面，学生、教师、校长和教研员一致认同课程的必要性，但学生和教师对课程文本的总体认同感偏低；学生和教师最认可的课程价值，通用技术是&提高动手能力&、&感知生活中的技术&，信息技术是&激发创造性&、&培养信息处理与交流能力&；教师和教研员对信息素养的课程目标定位存在质疑；学生和校长对通用技术课程存在认识与行为相悖的状况。

Section two:"Phenomenon and reason of technique-orientation in curriculum implementation" studies the phenomenon in real class observation, including people, content, process, evaluation and field; however, subject development history, its impercipient quality and setbacks of setting of regional curriculum all contributes to the reason.

第二部分为课程实施技术取向现象及成因分析。在课程实施的现实情境中，通过对课堂实录的分析，发现从课程实施观念到实施主体、从实施内容到实施过程、从实施结果评定到实施平台等方面都呈现出明显的技术取向。技术取向的存在有源自于计算机课程的学科发展史的影响，有对于其学科性质认识不足的因素，当然，也受到了有关国家禾一I地区相关课程开设现状中某些现象的消极作用。

That the reforms are influenced by our national cultural traditions; that the mainstream knowledge concept during the centenary reforms is also evolutional and it goes through such changes rempiricism -rationalism -empiricism—reconstructionism; that the research paradigm of preschool curriculum advances from closure to openness, from hypotheses to generation and the contents of curriculum are continuously constructed under dynamic state.

基于此分析，我们认为，中国学前课程的发展、变革受各种教育流派的影响，与世界学前教育发展的脉络相关；变革的主线在中外教育文化的交流中不断地进行引进与本土化；学前课程变革受民族文化传统的影响；学前课程百年变革中主流知识观也是嬗变的，经历了从经验主义——理性主义——经验主义——建构主义知识观的变化；学前课程研究范式从封闭走向开放，从预设走向生成，课程意义不断地在动态过程中建构。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。