课程

We divided the web-based biology course in the normal university to three types: depictive course, quantity course and experimental course; take some assumptions and suggestions to the design of the different web-based course, and illustrate by example.

根据高等师范院校生物系所设置的生物学课程内容的不同特点和表现方式，可将它们划分为三类：描述类课程、数量类课程和实验类课程；对不同类型网络课程的设计制作提出了设想和建议，并举例加以阐述。

Section two:"Phenomenon and reason of technique-orientation in curriculum implementation" studies the phenomenon in real class observation, including people, content, process, evaluation and field; however, subject development history, its impercipient quality and setbacks of setting of regional curriculum all contributes to the reason.

第二部分为课程实施技术取向现象及成因分析。在课程实施的现实情境中，通过对课堂实录的分析，发现从课程实施观念到实施主体、从实施内容到实施过程、从实施结果评定到实施平台等方面都呈现出明显的技术取向。技术取向的存在有源自于计算机课程的学科发展史的影响，有对于其学科性质认识不足的因素，当然，也受到了有关国家禾一I地区相关课程开设现状中某些现象的消极作用。

The history of centenary development of the teacher education curriculum in China could be divided to four periods:①inchoation of the teacher education curriculum at the end of Qing Dynasty;②establishment of the teacher education curriculum in early republic China;③reform of the teacher education curriculum by the Kuomintang government;④reconstructing of the teacher education curriculum after the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China.

我国教师教育课程的百年历史演进可以归结为以下几个阶段：①清朝末年的教师教育课程体系发端；②民国初期的教师教育课程体系确立；③国民政府的教师教育课程体系改良；④新中国后的教师教育课程体系重建。

Such as the fuzzy curriculum objective,the old curriculum content,the rigescent curriculum structure,laggard curriculum culture and so on.

调查发现，我国高师院校在课程设置与实施上存在着课程目标定位不准，课程内容陈旧，课程结构趋同，课程文化落后等问题。

This text surveys nationality's traditional sports course construction of university of Jishou through visiting methods such as the investigation method and on-the-spot investigation method ,etc., result reveal Jishou university build in such aspects as hardware , software and scientific research in the national leading advantaging to nationality traditional course of sports, influence by factors in many aspects and restriction, course construction aspect exist course offer time to be short, there is much content of courses, the knowledge of basic theory is taught weakly , practice has inadequate experience, course offer range to be relatively narrow, think method scientific phenomenon.

本文运用访问调查法和现场调查法等方法，对吉首大学民族传统体育课程建设进行调查，结果显示吉首大学对民族传统体育的课程建设在硬件、软件和科研等方面都处于全国领先优势，但是受多方面因素的影响与制约，课程建设方面还存在课程开设时间短，教学内容多，基础理论知识传授薄弱，实践经验不足，课程开设范围较窄，评价方法不科学的现象。

And also this chapter puts forward three ways of teacher-involved curriculum development from the perspective of a participant. They are: personal curriculum development, group curriculum development within a subject, cross subject curriculum development. And through particular cases it annotates a teacher-involved curriculum development in the process of teaching.

从参与者的角度提出教师参与课程开发的三种方式：教师个体的课程开发、学科内小组的课程开发、跨学科的综合性课程开发，并通过具体的实际案例诠释了教师在教学过程中参与课程开发的实践，这是本研究的核心也是创新之处。

According to the experience of abroad and domestic high school, tutorial system is an efficient assistant system assorting the diversified and selective curriculum structure, it links teachers, curriculum and students together, corresponds the relationship between them, at last, ensure the implement of the curriculum reform of high school.

根据国内外实施中学学分管理的经验，导师制是配合多样化、选择性课程结构有效实施的辅助制度，它将成为联结教师、课程与学生的纽带，协调新课程改革下的师生与课程的关系，从而有效保障高中新课程的顺利实施。

For example, because of the lack of curriculum inspection system, the aim of curriculum averts from the aim of student\'s cultivation, the settlement of curriculum tends to copy or simplify the settlement of undergraduate curriculum, the contents of the curriculum can hardly follow the steps of the times etc. Also, because of different apprehension about the function of educational research in improving teachers professional development, many faculties\' ideas seems to be behind the requirement of steps of the times. Their value inclination "lay much importance upon science, theory, knowledge and look down upon technology, practice, ability" is exercising potential influence on students\' value tendency in their study.

比如，由于缺乏对课程设置的审议制度，导致高职院校的课程设置倾向照搬或者压缩本科院校的相关课程，课程目标偏离高职教育人才培养的目标，课程内容跟不上技术发展的步伐等；由于教师对教育科研在教师专业发展中的作用认识不一，不少教师的理念往往滞后于时代发展的要求，不同程度上呈现出&重理论轻实践&、&重科学轻技术&和&重知识轻技能&的价值倾向，潜移默化地影响到学生在学习过程中的价值取向。

Researching study is a part of colligated practicing activity course that was issued in the program of reformation in basic education courses. As an extraordinary course field, it endows basic education courses with new meaning, and has become a high light in current course reformation.

研究性学习是新颁布的《基础教育课程改革纲要》中综合实践活动课程板块的一项内容，它作为一个独具特色的课程领域，赋予基础教育课程内容以新的内涵，成为当前课程改革的一大亮点。

From the perspective of connotation of teacher's subjectivity in the course implementation, the course conception should be changed from the objective textual knowledge-centered standpoint to advanced/developmental textual knowledge-centered standpoint. The election of course content should be changed from partially focusing on legal text or the student–based text to constructing"intersubjective course"based on text subject, student subject and teacher subject. The course comprehension way in course implementation should be changed from dogmatized way to explorative way.

课程实施过程中的教师主体性内涵在课程观念上由&客观&的课本知识观为主转向&进化&的课本知识观为主；在课程内容的选择上由片面重视某一类型文本主转向建构法定文本、生定文本与师定文本三者共生共进的&主体间性课程&；在课程实施方式上由独断式为主转向探究式为主的课本理解方式。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。