课程

To be specific, it consists of courses offered from "Two Basics" to "Four Basics", covering manifold aspects which will embody the objective, such as the subject comes, activity courses, integrated courses, problem-centred courses, etc.; and as to the course design constructed by students, it has to take development of students as its starting-point and ...

落实这些目标必须确立终身学习的课程设计、多元文化的课程设计、开放系统的课程设计等全新的课程改革理念，试行国家课程、地方课程和学校课程，即三级课程、三级管理的基础教育课程体系。

The currency流通 curriculum(课程 made the excursionist旅行者 incur(招致 loss of time and money.

流通 课程旅行者招致流通课程旅行者招致货币课程使得旅行者招致了时间和金钱的损失。

This study and relevant works are the second year of a five-year on-the-job training program (from January 1, 2002 through November 15, 2006),Major outcomes coming from this project include:(1) Collection and review to the experiences of domestic traffic engineering training programs in the past.(2) The planning of training course schedule, and the collection and presentation of modern traffic engineering technologies (i.e. use a World-wide Web established last year and its website: www.trafficwin.com).(3) To perform surveys to those traffic engineering officials, professors teaching at colleges and universities, chiefs at well-known traffic consultants companies so as to realize who will fit to be our courses' lectuers and establish a lectuers database in the traffic-engineering field.(4) Based on the responses of trainees and trainers, lots of teaching and learning conditions, reviews, and suggestions have been gathered for further reviewing.(5)For the long-term development, the website "Traffic Engineering and management" had replan by used the NUKE website program and phpBB forum program, and accomplishing the correcting.(6)An analysis of the establishment of national traffic engineering training education framework combined with a professional transportation knowledge bank have been done and presented to the Ministry of Transportation and Communication for further consideration and even implementation.

本计画承续自九十一年度起一项为期五年（自民国91年1月1日至民国95年11月15日），由交通部运输研究所办理的委办研究计画「交通工程人才培训计画」，今年为第二期的计画工作期，主要办理完成的工作项目包含：（1）收集、回顾与检讨过去相关之培训课程办理经验；（2）本期培训课程之规划与办理方式，以及交工科技新知之搜集与呈现（延续去年方式采网站资讯公布，网址为：www.trafficwin.com）等项目；（3）针对各县市交通局交通工程管理人员、各大专院校教授交通工程相关课程之教授以及国内知名交通顾问公司主管人员发放「课程讲师人选调查」问卷，详细收集各课程适任之讲师人选，建立一交通工程领域之讲师资料库；（4）依据参与培训课程学员之反应及规划团队之深入分析，整理归纳出本期培训课程之办理情形、相关检讨及心得建议；（5）为「交通工程与管理」网站之长期发展，将网站的架构与程式重新应用nuke网站程式与phpBB论坛程式规划，并改版完成；（6）针对未来培训课程之办理方式、课程内容及教学架构，由参训学员及专家学者直接提供改善之意见，以做为后续计画办理之重要参考与依据。

A wide range of methods of educational evaluation is used to improve the students potential, their individuality and their creativity.Based on large amount of practicing work, comparing research has been done on the international trend of physics curriculum reformation nowadays and the direction of physics curriculum reformation in China. Then in order to perfect the consultive version of high school physics curriculum standard in Shanghai, suggestions have been given on curriculum target, curriculum setting, curriculum content and curriculum evaluation.

本文在实践工作的基础之上，通过比较研究当今世界各国物理课程标准改革的总体趋势和我国物理课程标准的发展方向，针对《上海市中学物理课程标准》的修订，对中学物理课程定位、课程理念、课程目标、课程设置、课程内容和课程评价进行梳理并提出修改意见。

In school curriculum system culture, much attention is put on the stability and convenience while its variation and humanization are ignored. In School curriculum behavior culture, teaching activities are still centered on teachers so that the students learn passively, and in consequence, inefficiently. Students are still corporally punished for their "misbehaviors" considered by their teachers.

通过现场观察、问卷调查、师生访谈等方法对学校课程物质文化、学校课程制度文化、学校课程行为文化、学校课程精神文化的现实状况进行了解读：学校课程物质文化方面，出现了人与课程物质文化的对立，物质文化凌驾于师生之上的现象；学校课程制度文化方面，强调课程制度文化的稳定性而忽视了其发展变化，强调课程制度文化的便捷性而丧失了管理制度文化的人性化等；学校课程行为文化方面，仍然以教师、教学为中心，以学生的被动接受学习为主，存在着&主体性&认识上的误区。

In section four the thesis in details analyzes the reason of the "alteration" in curriculum implementation, mainly including three aspects of reason: firstly, the reasons of curriculum itself, that is value orientation formerly-designed curriculum, practicability and elasticity of curriculum plan; secondly, influence come from the interior of education system, that is curriculum design, the difference between designer and implementor, the hinderance of linking up in the chain of main-body; thirdly, influence come from external environment, that is traditional view from society, the support and policy which forms a complete set from the government, the regional feature of curriculum implementation and the development and changes of times and etc.

主要包括预设课程的价值取向、课程计划的可行性、课程计划的弹性等课程本身的原因；教育系统内部课程规划、设计者与课程实施者的异质性、课程实施过程中主体链沟通障碍也容易引起异变的产生、课程实施者的素质等方面的原因；外部环境社会传统观念的影响、政府部门的配套政策与支持、课程实施的地域特点、时代的发展变化等方面的原因。

I think that local curriculum is to supply a power to adjust, readapt and expand for local educational government, under the guidance of national education policies and aims in order to made national curriculum system adapt to the needs of local economy, culture and students' development, by the base of national curriculum design and curriculum plan, by the arrangement of curriculum sources. Then after analyzing the base of curriculum theory, this thesis interpreted the value of local curriculum in multicultural background.

首先，通过对现有研究结论和地方课程发展历史的双重反思，重建地方课程概念，提出：地方课程是地方在国家教育方针、政策指导下，为使国家课程体系更好适应本地区经济、文化、学生发展需要，以国家课程方案和课程计划为基础，通过统筹本地区的课程资源和课程力量，行使补充、调整、改编、拓展的权利而自主开发和管理的一类课程。

Firstly, successful curriculum reform should be made on the basis of a valid curriculum theory. Thus it requires that we discard the obsolete ideas and then improve the advancement of curriculum reform; Secondly, during the present of curriculum reform, we must clarify the relationship between inhering and recommend, enhancing and reform, ideal and reality, and guarantee the entirety and continuity of the elementary educational curriculum reform; Thirdly, as a systems engineering, curriculum reform need a rational system of organization to assure it, meanwhile, the corresponding set reform should also be taken; In these years, curriculum integration has become an important and powerful development trend. It will end not only the state of the disintegration and opposition, but also end a kind of traditional curriculum theory and ideological patterns that people has held for a long time.

近20年来的基础教育课程改革的发展历程，既为当前的课程改革提供了许多的经验与指南、问题与教训，也留下了许多研究与思考的问题：进行课程改革首先需要确保课程理念的正确，必须随时改革陈旧过时观念，这就要求课程改革不仅有成熟的理论基础，而且还要有科学的实验支持，从而提高课程改革的理论性、前瞻性和科学性，走一条理论创新与实践探索相互促进的道路；课程改革在其渐进发展过程中需要明确继承与借鉴、发扬与变革、理想与现实等的关系，把握改革的整体性和持续性；课程改革作为一项繁重的系统工程，需要以健全合理的体制做保证，同时相应的配套改革措施应同步进行；课程整合作为一种重要的发展趋势逐渐为人们所关注，它要结束的不仅是一种分割、分离、彼此对立的状态，更是要结束人们长期以来的一种旧有课程理念和思维方式。

Following his influential book Existence and ridiculous: study on underground red-light districts in China (Qunyan press, 1999), the author went to one of the same sites to collect more in-depth cases from female sex workers, madams/managers, pimps, male clients and those po教学,范文,教案,论文,课件,试题,评课,说课,板书,教学反思,课程改革,计划总结,公文,美容,瑜伽,笑话,减肥licemen cracking down sex work.

作为《存在与荒谬－－中国地下&性产业&考察》（群言出版社，1999）的续篇，作者沿用了上一本书中的视角和技术路线，以社区考察的方法主要研究了&红灯区&的发展脉络、形成原因、运作机制、与社会环境的关系等问题；但是，所不同的是，这教学，范文，教案，论文，课件，试题，评课，说课，板书，教学反思，课程改革，计划总结，公文，美容，瑜伽，笑话，减肥本书更多地收集了个案，更多地了解那些参与或者涉及&性产业&的个人，包括小姐、妈咪、老板、男客、执行扫黄的人、社区内的其他人等等，用他们的个人经历和体验来更加生动和深刻地勾画出中国红灯区的面貌，并对其进行深入地分析，思辨性地探讨性产业与生殖、生命、性革命、婚姻、社会性别、爱情、性、道德、风俗、历史、法律、文化、社会心理等因素之间的关系。

By the requirement of national curriculum reform:it adjusts the now-being curriculum structure and advocate the basic schooling to develop its typical local curriculum and school-based curriculum with the purpose of meeting the need of the development of local society and showing the typical schooling education and aims,and as a supplement of national curriculum.

结合国家新一轮课程改革的要求，对现行的课程结构进行调整，提倡开发地方课程和校本课程，地方课程的主导价值在于通过课程满足地方社会发展的现实需要，校本课程的主导价值在于通过课程展示学校的办学宗旨和特色，并把地方课程和校本课程作为对国家课程的在特定价值上的互补。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐