诸侯国

Before that, China was a confederation of states

在这之前，中国是诸侯国的联邦

Ducal states at that time built walls to defend their own territories.

当时的各个诸侯国为了保护自己的领地而修建城墙。

Zhou Wang, a large scale enfeoffment lords, which are old and also a number of Packet姬姓feudal lords and姜姓States, Xu Zhou Packet is to be one of the leaders姜姓, the ancestor for the tert-text, also known as for tert-Hsu.

周成王时，大规模地分封诸侯，其中商的旧地也分封了一些姬姓诸侯国和姜姓诸侯国，许国正是被周分封的姜姓诸侯国之一，其始祖为文叔，也称为许文叔。

Facing this kind of situation, each Leud adopted differently should to the measure .

面对这种情况，各诸侯国采取了不同的应对措施。

Then,I draw a map of that epoch and mark the location of each prince's feud.Then I depict the hegemony of the leud of Qi.

随后，我画了副春秋时代的地图，并标明各诸侯国的位置。

Some merchants and starts on behalf of the merchant benefit aristocrat social stratum to grasp the state power, this and each Leud established the centralization system the basic direction to have the conflict .

一些商人和代表商人利益的贵族阶层开始掌握国家政权，这与各诸侯国建立中央集权制度的基本方向产生了冲突。

Specifically speaking, Chou Royal Family, which was obeyed by the principalities with the leadership of the powerful, lorded over all the territories.

在接下来的部分，本文分析周初制度所型塑的周王室和诸侯国之间以及诸侯国之间的社会关系。

In order to keep these relations, the acts deemed spoiling them such as disobeying the kings order, failure to have an audience with the Chou Court, treason, violating the oaths,failing to tribute, failing to attend meetings, etc.were severely punished.

附庸国与宗主国之间的关系则类似于同盟诸侯国与霸主国之间的关系。诸侯国往往因为下述行为受到兵刑处罚：犯王命、不朝觐天子、不贡、叛王、不参与盟会、不朝盟主、背盟、违背盟书、违背宾礼以及附庸国不朝觐、不纳贡。等等。这是因为它们对春秋时期新型社会关系构成破坏。

The relationship between the vassalages and their suzerains equals to that between the principalities and their powerful leaders.

其间，周王室是天下的共主，霸主须率领诸侯国遵从周王室。各诸侯国改向霸主履行原向周王室履行的义务。

The inferior were subordinated to their superiors and they were punished for the following acts: killing of the kings or crown prince, unauthorized making of kings, assisting the rebellions, resisting the kings orders, treasons, usurping power, stealing, speaking ill of others,spreading misleading orders,disturbing military procession,losing war, taking bribes, sin against propriety, destroying agreement, etc.

然后，本文将《周礼》、《仪礼》和《左传》中有关资料结合起来分析诸侯国内部的社会关系，得出这样的结论：各诸侯国的社会结构是金字塔形的。大致说来，高居在塔顶的是诸侯国国君，卿大夫们则协助国君处理政、刑事务，其中最为重要的是执政。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失