说话者

Some uses of deontic modality clearly serve to encode the speaker's commitment to the necessity/permissibility of an action, and this subjective function is reflected in the same grammatical characteristics which reflect the subjective nature of epistemic modality.

有些义务情态体现的是说话者对某一行动必要性和容许性的承诺，这点和推测情态一样呈主观性。还有些义务情态不表达说话者的态度，而仅仅说明某一必要性的显示存在，呈客观性。

Some uses of deontic modality clearly serve to encode the speakers commitment to the necessity/permissibility of an action, and this subjective function is reflected in the same grammatical characteristic which reflect theIXsubjective nature of epistemic modality.

有些义务情态体现的是说话者对某一行动必要性和容许性的承诺，这点和推测情态一样呈主观性。还有些义务情态不表达说话者的态度，而仅仅说明某一必要性的现实存在，呈客观性。

Dealing with discourse markers as indicators of metapragmatic awareness, Verschueren's account emphasizes the function of discourse markers in signaling the utterer's mental state in making linguistic choices.

Verschueren认为话语标记语是标示说话人元语用意识的一种语言手段，具有反映说话者选择语言时的元语用意识的作用。

Moreover, based on semantic and syntactic distinction, Chinese BA can be further divided into two subcategories—Disposal and Causativeness.

两者的区分在於：前者同时具备&说话者观点上的处置义&与&主语观点上的处置义&，而后者仅具有&说话者观点上的处置义&。

However, when the deictic motion verbs occur in different positions of a construction, their meanings are found to change.

一般来说参照点位置为说话当下说话者所处地点，然而为了表达某些社会性的语用功能，「来」的参照点可以转移至听话者身上，「指示动词+处所词」此一格式可以帮助我们定位参照点所在。

Regarding exophoric use, this study found how the speaker chooses either zheme or name. When the referent is immediately visible, the speaker tends to use zheme. Conversely, when the referent is indiscernible, the speaker chooses name. In addition, the speaker sometimes chooses zheme or name based on psychological factors rather than physical distance.

在语用功能方面，「这麼、那麼」皆具有「文外照应」及「文内照应」两种用法，一般而言若指涉对象距「指示中心」较近，或者是立即可见的，说话者倾向使用「这麼」，反之则用「那麼」，但本文的研究结果也显示「礼貌原则」影响说话者对「这麼、那麼」的选用，大量的语料显示说话者选用「这麼、那麼」时，往往受「心理因素」影响而打破「物理距离」的限制。

The paper explores the elaboration of blending space and the working mechanism of aesthetics. The authors hold that with cognitive context in prominence, addressees resolve incongruities in humor by composition, completion and elaboration. The tension in the process changes the addressee's psychological state from restraint to excitement, making their embodied aesthetic experience mutually manifest the addressers' aesthetic choice.

探讨了该模式下整合空间的运作及其审美机制，认为受话者在具备相关突显认知语境的前提下通过初次组合、完善及扩展消解了幽默中的不一致，其中的张力使受话者的心理状态由抑制转为兴奋，使其审美体验与说话者的言语美选择达成互明。

the paper argues that appraisal theory,based on systemic functional grammar,is practice-oriented and gives its unique guidance to spoken english teaching.attitude expands ways to express speakers' emotions.engagement,through which speakers negotiate their responsibility,manifests their different involvement of utterances.graduation,the indication of degree of attitude and engagement,enables addressers to employ meanings of different layers to achieve communicative ends.

摘 要：本文认为以系统功能语法为理论基础的评价理论注重实际应用，它对英语口语教学具有独到的指导意义。态度次系统拓宽情感的表达方式。介入次系统体现说话者对于话语的不同参与方式，通过介入，说话者调节自己所担的责任。级差次系统表达态度或介入的程度，它指导说者如何运用不同层次的语言资源实现交际目的。

In the coruse of classification, however, some of their definitions of RTs are shown to be problematic. First, Taiwanese RTs are not necessarily "continuers" because 29% of them are followed by extended talk by the same speaker.

然而在分析过程中，我们发现一些定义上的问题，：回应信号不一定表示说话者都会让出发言权，有29％的说话者并未将发言权交还给主要说话者。

Marks the point at which some paralinguistic feature of a series of utterances by any one speaker changes.

所标记的位置表示任一说话者在一连串说话中，某些附属语言特性的改变。

Make a breakthrough in...

在……有突破

The major advantage of PFC2D is the evolution regularity of microscopic fabric parameters including co-ordination number, contact normal, normal contact force, shear contact force, can be achieved together with the macroscopic liquefaction response. The micromechanism of sand liquefaction is further discussed.

颗粒流数值模拟的优点在于得到试样液化宏观力学表现的同时，通过不同循环加荷时刻试样内细观组构参量（包括配位数、接触法向分布、粒间法向接触力、粒间切向接触力）的演化规律，分析砂土液化过程中细观组构变化与宏观力学响应之间的内在联系，从而可进一步探讨砂土液化的细观力学机制。