误差模型

By definition,for targets located in a spherically stratified lower atmosphere or ionosphere,this paper derives the residual error models［Formulae (14) and (20);(24) and (27);(57) and (59),(63) and (65)］ of elevation angle refraction errors,range refraction errors and range rate refraction errors corresponding to monopulse radar and trilateration radar.

提要 本文从定义出发，推导出目标在球面分层低层大气或电离层内仰角折射误差、距离折射误差和相应于单脉冲雷达与三站雷达的距离变化率折射误差的残差模型［式(14)与(20)；(24)与(27)；(57)与(59)，(63)与(65)］。

Coefficient distribution of the APIDCSF is similar to that of circular quincunx Neville filter and its interpolating performance outperforms the Neville filters with high orders vanishing moments.The aim of bidimensional interpolating is to diminish the error between the true value and the estimated one.

二维内插的质量是以预测值与真值之间的误差来衡量的，按照最小均方误差的准则，利用二维自相关函数模型和环形内插滤波器的系数分布特点构造了最小均方误差意义上的环形最优内插器，实验证明了全相位离散反余弦内插器近似于最优内插器。

There is model error except differential model. The bisection model and equal turning angle model are equivalent each other.

除微分模型外，其它三种模型均存在模型误差，其中等分模型和等转角模型是等价模型。

The method was proposed to compensate the residual cumulative error in the project, and the optical frequency multiplication effect on residual cumulative error is analyzed, and the model of laser heterodyne interferometric fast ultra-precision measurement is proposed.

为实现激光外差干涉快速超精密测量，通过分析测量棱镜三维运动对激光多普勒频移的影响，针对传统激光外差干涉测量模型存在的原理性残余累计误差，而且误差存在累计现象，提出了在工程中补偿残余累计误差的方法。

Study on application and simulation of Kalman filter technology in SINS Because Kalman filter some merits, such as provided a fast and accurate method for SINS, adopting it to do initial alignment in this paper. The Kalman filter theory is introduced and the dynamic error vector equation of the initial alignment is derived at the first. Using velocity error as exterior value of observation, maneuverable characteristic that is influenced with system's observability and its degree is studied at length by do amount of simulations and experiences.

首先介绍了卡尔曼滤波理论及相关技术，建立了系统卡尔曼滤波的状态方程和观测方程；首先采用速度误差作为观测值，详尽的研究了系统机动特性对可观测性和可观测度的影响，并做了大量仿真实验：通过对滤波原理的分析研究了影响的原因；分别选用加速度计输出误差和转台输出姿态角误差作为外部观测值，推导建立它们的观测模型，并通过仿真证明了分析结论的正确性。

The fourth chapter analysesthe differences of the resistance between the boundariescalculated by different models.It can seen from the results thatthe differences between resistances calculated by variousfunctions can ignored under unstable conditions.There areobvious differences between different resistances calculated bydifferent functions under stable conditions.However,in bothcases,error from any function to predict transpiration rate isignoble.In order to make more applicable,the Monteith modelwas fished in this chapter.

第四章分析了各种边界层阻力计算模型计算结果的差异，比较结果表明，在空气层结不稳定时，各种φm函数经验模型计算阻力的差异可忽略，而当空气层结稳定时各种φm函数经验模型所算边界层阻力有明显差异，但不论是稳定和非稳定层结下，任选一中φm函数计算模型对蒸腾速率计算结果所造成的差异可忽略，为便于应用，本章还比较和检验了Monteith模型计算结果的差异，结果表明，该模型用于蒸腾计算，其误差可忽略不计。

In this paper, the main issue is about parameters involved with the stock's volatility, which are the σ in the Winner process and the λ and δ in the Poisson process, under the special cases of jump diffusion models with two assumptions that are independence between option prices' errors and stock and normal error between pricing formula and true price.

本论文在跳跃扩散模型中，以跳跃比例大小为非随机的常数或对数常态分配此种特例，和选择权价格的误差与股价过程为独立并且与理论公式存有常态误差值的两个假设下，去对模型中Winner过程里的σ以及Poisson过程里的λ和δ，这几个影响股价变异数的重要参数作讨论。

The model was built by partial least squareregress.Compared to the model using the whole original spectra,the root mean square error of predictionof glycerol gonolaurate and lubricant was improved from 7.9557 to 6.6787,and 0.2383 to 0.1031 respectively.(4)In uninformative variable eliminationalgorithm,the cutoff threshold of UVE is evaluated by adding a noise matrix which size is the same with instrumental response data.

提出的方法应用于月挂酸成分预测的红外光谱和机油分类的可见-近红外光谱中，用偏最小二乘回归建立模型，相比于用全光谱建立的模型，月挂酸的成分预测均方根误差分别从7.9557提高到6.6787，机油分类的成分预测均方根误差从0.2383提高到

Four thin-layer drying models were investigated for the description of FIR-assisted freeze-drying characteristics. The models were exponential model, Page model, diffusion model, and approximation of the diffusion model. Tests were conducted using a three-level, three-factor (drying temperature, distance between sample and FIR heater, and sample thickness) design, and quadratic polynomial analyses were performed to relate the drying parameters of thin-layer drying model. The performance of these thin-layer drying models was evaluated by comparing the coefficient of correlation (R2), the sum of squares, and the RMSE amongst four models. Drying parameter K of the Page model gave the best results in describing freeze-drying with FIR of Tylose and sweet potato.

运用四种薄层乾燥模型（指数、Page、渗透模型及近似渗透模型）研究远红外线冷冻乾燥之乾燥特性，实验采用三阶层、三因子（远红外线加热器设定温度、远红外线加热器至样品表面之距离及样品之厚度）的实验设计，对於薄层乾燥模型的乾燥参数以二次多项式函数表示之，乾燥参数之二次多项式函数的最适性判断主要是藉由决定系数、模式缺乏适合性及均方根误差等值的比较而加以评估，以Tylose及甘薯样品而言，其中四种薄层乾燥模型的乾燥参数以Page模型之K值的结果为最佳。

The results show that the prediction errors of the variance and curve shape between the quasi consolidation model and hyperbolic model are small and with the verification of the hyperbolic model, the quasi consolidation model can give a better prediction of post-construction settlement of the loess subgrade.

结果表明：双曲线模型与似固结模型的误差平方和与预测曲线的误差均较小，能较好地反映黄土路基工后沉降的规律，两者相互印证，提高了工后沉降预测的可靠度。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失