误差模型

By using the interpolation mechanism of fuzzy system, an approach of building the series of fuzzy systems, which can uniformly approximate any continuous function on a compact domain to any accuracy, is given, and then the universal approximation theorem is generally proved.

利用模糊系统的插值模型来代替被控对象的真实模型，设计了一个自适应模糊控制策略；为保证系统的全局稳定性，增加了一个补偿控制律，它是根据模糊系统的逼近误差估计量来设计的，因此这里系统跟踪误差的收敛性不依赖于模型最小误差的平方可积性[70，71]。

The representative minority cultural relic-pottery relic of Buyi minority and the two wooden masks is taken as the research object. Firstly, Hiscanner laser scan detector was adapted for data collection, and then obtain point cloud data which could be recorded on disc for permanent saving was obtianed; Furthermore, the new popular reverse engineering software Geomagic for some disposals of point cloud data was adopted in data condensing, data mending, data filtering, feature line picking up to obtain NURBS surfaces; and then the error between the reconstructed CAD model and the point cloud data was evaluated to guarantee the precision of surface reconstruction to keep the relics keep its original appearance. In the end, the NURBS surfaces are imported to 3D software Solidworks and entities of CAD are generated by surface sewing, mold loft and ablating and other instructions.

选用有代表性的贵州少数民族文物―布依族酒壶、水壶以及木制傩戏面具作为研究对象，采用Hiscanner激光扫描测头对其进行数据采集，扫描得到的点云数据可刻录到光盘上作为文物数据永久保存；更进一步地，采用目前流行的逆向工程软件Geomagic studio对点云数据进行数据精简、数据滤波、数据修补、提取特征线等处理后得到NURBS曲面；为保证曲面模型重建的精度，在曲面重建模型后对其误差评价，通过控制误差的方式指导曲面模型重建，使重建的文物曲面模型能真实完整地反映原状；最后，在功能强大的三维造型软件Solidworks中导人重构的NURBS曲面进行曲面缝合、放样等，将其生成实体CAD模型，并对模型的局部特征进行适当的再设计以实现文物实体模型的优化。

Experiment Validation of Hydrodynamics Model of Drum Level The experiment rig was designed, and the experiment equipment was also set up. The experiment results show: As the validation of sloshing period under different levels, maximum error between the results of the experiment and the model is within±10%. As the experiment validation of model under in-and-output flux, changing trends of results of the model and the experiment are consistent, though there is some error in sloshing amplitude, the numeric error is within±20%.

2汽包水位水动力学模型的实验验证设计了实验台架，并建立了实验装置，实验结果表明：就不同水位情况下晃荡周期的验证而言，实验结果与模型计算结果之间的数值误差在±10%以内；就有进出口流量的情况下模型的实验验证而言，模型仿真结果的变化趋势与实验结果基本上是一致的，尽管晃荡幅度和相位上还是存在一定的误差，但其数值误差在±20%以内。

This paper aims to investigate structural health monitoring oriented finite element modeling for the tower of long-span bridges.

首先采用不同的方法分别建立了大跨桥梁索塔的精细有限元模型和简化模型，运用环境振动实测结果对简化有限元模型进行了修正，并和精细模型计算结果相比较；研究结果表明：严格按照设计图纸建立的精细有限元模型计算得到的动力特性与索塔现场环境振动实测值之间的误差较小，而未经修正的简化模型误差较大，由此说明：大跨桥梁在有限元建模时应尽可能详细地反映结构的几何与材料特性，在此前提下，对于设计资料全面的桥梁结构，建立有限元模型时就只需要修正那些无法用数学和物理方法模拟的不确定因素。

It's pointed out that soft sensor will play more important role in field bus network control system. According to this, a crude solution was addressed. At last, we point out that soft sensor technology must used to build an information warehouse for the whole enterprise, combined with data fusion, data warehouse, data rectification and other related technologies. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows: The background, requirement, and application situation of soft sensors are expounded, the theories, methods and skills of soft sensing technology are analyzed, and the fruits and problems in current soft sensor technologies are summarized. Some new methods of soft sensor is proposed: A principal component analysis-based secondary variable selection method are proposed; A new conception which modeling data should have gross error detection is addressed, and then a cluster analysis-based modeling data gross error detection method is given.

本文的主要贡献有：对软测量技术根据实践的要求进行了一定的理论研究，针对具体问题提出了新的方法：讨论了辅助变量选择问题，研究了基于主元分析的辅助变量选择方法，该方法克服了传统方法只能利用数学模型产生的仿真数据进行最优辅助变量选择的缺点，可以根据历史数据进行辅助变量选择；提出了建模数据显著误差侦破的概念，指出传统的显著误差侦破研究的是已知过程数学模型的情况，而建模时数学模型是未知的，但是直接来自现场的数据并不能保证不含显著误差，并用基于聚类分析的方法解决了该问题，该方法利用聚类分析原理，直接面对过程数据，不需以过程模型为基础，在此基础上给出了软测量建模过程中样本数据的处理方法。

Aiming at researching on the theory of the shaft-kind parts form error evaluation and its application, on the basis of the analysis for the geometric model of the roundness error and cylindricity error, the linear programming models of the enclosure evaluation were proposed. According to the features of the proposed models, the solution of the optimization algorithms of linear planning was discussed to obtain accurate evaluation results.

为了对轴类零件形状误差评定理论及应用进行研究，在分析轴类零件的圆度、圆柱度误差评定几何模型的基础上，建立了包容拟合评定的规划数学模型，并针对模型的特点，探讨了使用线形规划的单纯形优化算法进行规划模型的求解，从而获得精确的形状误差评定结果。

Tocopherol has very high physiological activity. Soybean deodorized sludge contains plentiful natural tocopherol. For extracting tocopherol from soybean deodorized sludge, solubility of α tocopherol in supercritical CO 2 is measured. The solubility data are correlated by RBF neural networks model and chrastil model. Relative error of chrastil model is 25.36%. By means of learning and training on RBF neural networks model, the average error of training set is 0.23% and that of testing set is 6.48%....

生育酚有很高的生理活性，油脂生产中得到的脱臭馏出物含有丰富的天然生育酚作为萃取生育酚的基础，对甲酯化油脂脱臭馏出物中α-生育酚在超临界CO2 中的溶解度进行了测试，并用Chrastil分子缔合模型和RBF神经网络模型对溶解度数据进行了拟合 Chrastil分子缔合模型的相对误差为 2 5.36%对于RBF神经网络模型，经过网络学习和训练，训练集平均误差仅为 0 。2 3%，测试集误差为 6.4 8%，效果比较理想

The experiments were carried out to calibrate FDR in the lab and field, and calibration equations were verified by oven-dried method for soil samples obtained by augers. The result showed that good calibrating equations with average RMSE 0.023 m^3/m^3 were fitted in the lab, but they had poor RMSE 0.066 m^3/m^3 when used in the field. Other calibrating equations with average RMSE 0.026 m^3/m^3 were also fitted by indirect field calibration method, and they had good RMSE 0.026 m^3/m^3 when used in the field.

结果表明，室内试验获得了较好的模型参数，均方根误差平均达到了0.023 立方公尺/立方公尺，但是应用到田间条件下误差很大，均方根误差平均为0.066立方公尺/立方公尺；田间条件下也间接获得了较好的模型参数，均方根误差的平均值为0.026立方公尺/立方公尺，应用于田间时测定含水量的精确度较高，均方根误差的平均值为0.026立方公尺/立方公尺。

The quantizing error, linear error and differential linear error of an A/D converter were deduced, after that the error model of synchronous sampling, asynchronous sampling and quasi-synchronous sampling algorithms used in power measurement wens build in condition that A/D was not perfect.

建立了该两种乘法器的物理模型，数学模型和误差仿真模型，全面地分析了各种参量对其交流功率测量的原理误差和仪器误差的影响，并给出了定量的结果。

Based on the measure of sand geometry in M Block and comparison of results calculated with Spherical, Exponential and Gaussian Model, it is concluded that different variogram models get very different variogram range in major and minor direction.

在详细解剖M油田的砂体几何形态的基础上，对比分析球模型、指数模型和高斯模型的计算结果，3种模型计算的变差函数长变程误差15％，短变程误差25％，方向也不一样；同时运用不同模型计算的砂体体积亦有较明显的差别：砂体越发育，砂体连通性越强，不同模型计算的砂体体积相差越小；砂体越不发育，砂体连通性越差，不同模型计算的砂体体积相差越大。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失