误差常数

The nonlinearity and discrete gradient inherited in CAViaR model is a conundrum for parameter estimation. We take the asymmetric Laplace distribution with scale parameter as the error process; indicate the variance has a minimum positive value when the scale parameter is a constant, conflicting with the distribution of real financial data. Further we estimate the parameters of indirect TARCH-CAViaR model base on Bayesian framework and Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The optimal scale parameter can also be obtained by Markov chain Monte Carlo method.

CAViaR一般模型中递归分位回归方程的非线性和非连续可微性是参数估计的一个难题，基于含有尺度参数的不对称拉普拉斯分布作为误差过程，指出将尺度参数固定为常数会导致不对称拉普拉斯分布随机变量的方差存在最小正值的限制，与实际金融数据分布不符；进而提出采用贝叶斯分析和马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗模拟方法，估计间接TARCH-CAViaR模型的参数，并可获得尺度参数的合理估计。

Crystal lattice constants are close to other experiment results. Three kinds of chemical bonds exist among Mg and B atoms, between magnesium and boride is ionic bond and metallic bond is the predominant interaction in the layer formed by magnesium atoms. A strong covalent bond in the form of sp2 hybrid between boride atoms is the most important factors which can affect the transition temperature of MgB2. Population analysis clearly shows that electrons are transferred from Mg to B, as a result, the electron-phonon coupling in the layer of B is very strong.

规范保守赝势的计算结果表明，晶格常数与实验值误差在很小的范围内，分析了引起MgB2(001)面结构超导转变时电子浓度和偏态密度的变化情况，发现构成该超导体结构的成键有3种，着重从结构的电子浓度变化分析了其超导特性，六角蜂窝状结构中硼原子间相互作用为sp2杂化的共价键，镁原子和硼原子之间是离子键结合，镁原子层是金属键结合，镁原子的价电子部分转移到硼原子的pz轨道，部分电子为镁原子层共用。

This paper discussed working principle of the ideal electronic integrator which was constituted of operational amplifier. Integral drift parameter and integral time constant as main factors influencing the accuracy of integral output were analyzed.

摘 要：讨论了由运算放大器构成的理想电子积分器的工作原理，分析了积分漂移、积分时间常数等主要因素对积分输出误差的影响及改善措施。

The central studied content is: the studying for the C and R in the distance measurement, the study for standard deviation of distance measurement of the total station instrument, the study and calculation of illustration for the formula of periodic error of the total station instrument, the checking of horizontal angle.

主要的研究内容有：全站仪测距加乘常数的分析，全站仪测距标准偏差的研究，全站仪周期误差公式的分析及其实例计算，全站仪水平角的检定(多齿分度台法和多目标平行光管法)，一测回水平方向标准偏差计算公式的分析，一测回竖直角标准偏差的合理性分析及其实例计算。

Finite element methods are analyzed, where the stress is approximated by the discontinuous Raviart-Thomas element of lowestorder,and the velocity by the piecewise constant element,and the Lagranian multiplier by the trace space of the piecewise continuous linear element.

然后发展其有限元方法：对应四变量分别用间断型Raviart-Thomas最低阶元，分片常数元，连续线性元和连续线性元的迹空间，我们获得了稳定性和最优误差界，通过后处理办法，我们得到一个适合于计算的速度-压力格式，该格式可视为"mini"元方法的一个变形（本文格式中引用了局部投影算子）。

The optimized processing parameters including screen print and hot pressing were obtained. In order to reduce error, the method of double-face screen print in key electrode layer and stepped press were used. Ceramics are dense after sintering. The thickness of electrode is about 5μm. The test fixtures based on microstripe for SMD were design and fabricated.

采用平面电感和平板电容结构实现的LC谐振器，由于集总电感的Q值较小以及高介电常数介质基片杂散参数效应，这种结构的谐振器Q值较小；采用新的耦合结构-间隙电容耦合结构，实现谐振器和外电路的匹配耦合，使谐振器和耦合电容在同一层上实现，即单层结构，和传统的平行板电容耦合方式相比减小了耦合电容对位误差。

This instrument used the parallel p late capacitor to measure relative dielectric constant of film, which equaled to the ratio of the capacity value full of film and the capacity value full of air. It app lied the equipotential ring technology to reduce the error caused by edge effect in the two p late edges, and greatly increased the measurement p recision and accuracy.

该仪器采用将平行板电容器充满薄膜的电容值与充满空气的电容值相比的方法得出薄膜的相对介电常数，并采用等位环技术，减小了两极板在边缘处产生边缘效应所带来的误差，大大提高了测量的精度和准确性。

An improved method for measurement of complex permittivity using six-port reflectometer is presented. Error caused by incomplete superposition between the measured plane and reference plane, which is often in the case of conventional measuring method, is eliminated with the developed novel algorithm by separating the two planes.

提出了六端口反射计测量介质材料复介电常数的一种改进方法，新的算法使测量面与参考面分离，消除了传统测量方法中测量面与参考面无法完全重合引入的误差。

The astringency, error and stability of the numerical method are researched. Zero matrix method, constant matrix method, and Jacobian matrix method are constructed in order to improve numerical precision and efficiency.

研究了所提数值计算方法的误差、稳定性、收敛性等数学性质，在计算精度和计算效率两方面提出了一些改进措施，构造了零矩阵法、常数矩阵法、雅可比矩阵法等计算格式。

The LBM is believed to be an efficient way to investigate the conductivity and the dielectric constant for the agreement between the simulation of the conductivity of AlBi alloy, the dielectric constant of saturated rock and laboratory experiments of them.

对AlBi合金整体电导率的数值模拟结果和实验结果非常相近。对饱和水岩石的介电常数的计算与实验结果相比误差较小。格子玻耳兹曼方法为混合物的整体电导率的计算提供了一个有效的途径。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。