误差估计

It shows by theory and simulation that the location precision of the improved and conventional Gauss-Newton algorithm is equivalent but the location precision of the rear two algorithms is baddish under the same condition, i.e., the same measurement error and the same base-stations for location.

理论分析与仿真结果表明，在相同的观测误差和定位基站情况下，改进的和常规的Gauss-Newton迭代算法的定位精度相当，而相交圆弦线方法和最小二乘估计方法定位精度较低。

A revised simple binning strategy is presented by taking the representative gravity point of the data in a bin instead of the center of the bin. This improvement enables the simple binning strategy to monitor the distribution.

本文提出了一种修正简单分箱核估计误差的方法，该方法采用数据重心取代分箱中心作为数据的代表点，能够更准确反映数据的局部分布特征。

With the aid of this technique,the precision of fault location could be greatly immune to the external interference,which comes from the variation of line parameters,especially for the variation caused by tough climate or severe chilliness in some areas where the line passes by.

针对由于输电线路参数随外界条件变化而带来的双端测距误差，本文利用现有的双端测距所提供的硬件设备，提出了基于两端数据同步的线路参数在线估计技术和算法。

Although the theory of water and soil loss law and the echniques of integrated soil and water conservation measure of primary geomorphy have become quite mature by scientists' effort over several decades in the world, study to water and soil loss in constructional project is slow to developed country. Among researchers, there are many opinions on the model of water and soil loss caused by constructional project because it is serious shortage of data from observation or test in construction projects.

原生地貌水土流失规律和综合治理技术措施经过几十年的研究与探索，基本形成了较为成熟的理论体系和技术措施体系，但我国对开发建设项目水土保持的研究起步较晚，对水土流失预测的概念、内容还存在着不同的理解，特别是目前开发建设项目水土流失定位观测和动态监测数据十分缺乏，水土流失预测模式中的参数缺乏实验值，都是凭经验估计或参照坡面或流域水土流失预报方程中的参数取值，由此预测出的水土流失量误差极大，从而影响到水土保持措施的优化配置。

The approximating error is effectively solved by using the transformation of sine and cosine functions, which is caused by the incontinuous transformation from 360° to 0°.

通过正弦和余弦函数变换的方法，有效解决了360°~0°转换不连续性引起的逼近误差，提高了估计精度，并给出了算法的具体实现步骤。

we carry on logistics demand forecast by taking time-series model and explain its application to logistics demand forecast by justment of data stationary, stead, standardization, modeling, discernment, making steps, parameter estimate and examination to predict, error and calculation of confidential interval.

本文采用时间序列模型进行物流需求预测，用实例从数据平稳性的判断，平稳化，标准化，建模，经模型的识别、定阶、参数估计和检验，到预测及误差和置信区间的计算，详细地说明了时间序列模型在物流需求预测中是如何应用的。

We employ quarterly data on industrial output, indicators of stock market liquidly, stock market volatility, and banking development during 1986:1-2003:3. We found that the Granger causality between output and financial development variables differ significantly among different knowledge intensity industries.

实证方法上，采用Johansen(1992，1995)之最大概似估计法(maximum likelihood estimate， MLE)来检定变数间是否存在共整合关系；若变数间存在共整合关系，则可以向量误差修正模型(vector error correction model，VECM)为基础，据以探讨金融发展与不同知识密度产业经济成长之因果关系。

According to the monotonically increasing match criteria around the location of the optimal motion vector a fast fractional motion estimation algorithm based on the group error is presented.

根据匹配准则的目标函数在最优运动矢量的附近都是单调递增这一假设，提出一种基于分组误差的快速分数像素运动估计算法。

Density Functional Theory method was used to optimize the geometries of 209 PCDE molecules, 209 PBDE molecules and 75 PCDD molecules at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. Using computed structural parameters as theoretical descriptors, the forward stepwise multiple regression technique was adopted to obtain QSPR models of environmental partition properties for these POPs by using GQSARF 2.0 and SPSS12.0 for windows programs. The obtained QSPR models are as follows:(1) QSPR models for predicting subcooled liquid vapor pressure, n-octanol/water partition coefficients lgK_(ow and subcooled liquid water solubilities -lgS_(w,l of PCDEs, of which correlative coefficients (R~2) are 0.988, 0.958 and 0.959 and the root-mean-square-error of estimation are 0.134, 0.116 and 0.327 respectively.(2) QSPR models of lgPL and n-octanol/air partition coefficients lgK_(oa for PBDEs, which both contain three structural parameters. The values of R2 for the two models are both 0.997 while the values of RMSEE are 0.073 and 0.062 respectively.(3) QSPR models of lgKow and–lgS_ for PCDEs, which both have one variable (mean molecular polarizability,α). The values of R~2 for the two models are 0.978 and 0.866 and the values of RMSEE are 0.300 and 0.270 respectively.(4) The molecular structures of 24 substituted naphthaline compounds were optimized using Hartree-Fock and DFT methods at four different levels and the same means was used to obtain four three-parameter (EHOMO, q~+ andα) QSPR models of lgK_. The model at the HF/6-311G** level is the best one of which R2 is 0.9662 and RMSEE is 0.380.(5) QSPR study for environmental partition properties of PCDEs was also performed using position of Cl substitution method in which simple parameters of substitution position were taken as descriptors. The multiple linear regression was performed with GQSARF 2.0 and SSPS 12.0 for windows programs to obtain QSPR models of lgP_L, lgK_ and–lgS_ for PCDEs of which R~2 are 0.991, 0.983 and 0.965 and RMSEE are 0.311, 0.100 and 0.300 respectively.

采用密度泛函理论方法在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上对PCDEs、PBDEs和PCDDs的分子结构进行了全优化计算，以计算得到的量子化学参数作为理论描述符，采用GQSARF 2.0和SPSS 12.0 for windows统计程序进行正向逐步回归分析，建立了这些POPs的环境分配性质的QSPR模型：(1) PCDEs的过冷液体蒸汽压、正辛醇/水分配系数lgK_(ow和水溶解度-lgS_(w，l的QSPR模型，这3个QSPR模型的相关系数(R2)分别为0.988、0.958和0.959，估计的均方根误差分别为0.134、0.116和0.327；(2) PBDEs的lgPL和正辛醇/空气分配系数lgK_(oa的QSPR模型，这两个模型都包含三个分子结构参数，其R~2都为0.997，RSMEE分别为0.073和0.062；(3) PCDDs类化合物的lgK_和-lgS_w的QSPR模型，两个模型都只含一个变量，其R~2分别为0.978和0.866，RSMEE分别为0.300和0.270；(4)采用Hartree-Fock和DFT方法，在4种不同水平上优化计算了24个取代萘系列化合物的分子结构，采用上述同样的方法分别建立了四种水平上的三变量lgK_模型，通过比较得到，在HF/6-311G**水平计算得到的模型最好，R为0.966，RSMEE为0.380；(5)同时，采用氯原子取代位置方法对PCDEs的环境分配性质进行QSPR研究，建立了PCDEs的lgPL、lgK_和-lgS_的QSPR模型，其R~2分别为0.991、0.983和0.965，RSMEE分别为0.110、0.100和0.300。

Error analysis and estimation of the second order extended state observer were done by noncontinuous piecewise Lyapunov function, and the system stability were proved by multiple Lyapunov function method.

利用非连续的分段Lyapunov函数进行二阶扩张状态观测器的误差分析与估计，并用多Lyapunov函数方法证明了系统的稳定性。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。