误差估计

Firstly, the Signal Noise Ratio characteristic of matched filter despread symbol and the distribution of coherent phase estimation error are derived. Secondly, the exact integration formula of BER for fading channel is presented, moreover, by using the Maclaurin series expansion of MPSK conditional Symbol Error Rate, the simplified BER approximations for BPSK and QPSK are derived over AWGN, Nakagami-m fading and Rayleigh fading channel.

首先推导了匹配滤波解扩符号的信噪比特性和相干相位估计误差的分布；然后给出了衰落信道中误比特率的精确积分式，并利用MPSK条件误符号率的麦克劳林级数形式，推导了AWGN，Nakagami-m衰落和瑞利衰落信道中BPSK，QPSK误比特率的简化逼近式。

In general methods the change of magnification is neglected.

目前的方法大都不考虑这种图像大小的变化，因而深度估计有较大误差。

By employing multi-dimensional analysis and matrix algebra, the generation and evolution of measurement uncertainties are explicitly formulated, as well as their influence to motion estimation.

利用多元分析和矩阵代数等有力的数学工具，我们定量描述视觉系统对环境观测过程中测量误差的生成、传播及其对运动估计的影响。

Without considering testing error ,we set up a group testing model in the presence of zero observations and derive maximum likelihood estimator and method of moment estimator of parameters.

在不考虑检验误差的情形下，建立一个含零观测值的模型并得到参数的最大概似估计量与动差估计量。

Three aspects of work are considered: The first aspect: we considered the error bound of the maximum likelihood estimation estimator for a class of nonstationary diffusion processes with parameters in both drift and diffusion parts.

论文的主要内容由以下三个部分组成：第一部分：我们考虑一类非平稳扩散过程参数极大似然估计的误差界。

Reduced SQP based on orthonormal bases, orthogonal bases and coordinate bases are studied and compared. With the correction item introduced, the null-space move is adjusted and the reduced SQP based on coordinate bases decomposition is improved.●The key problem of steady-state data processing for RTOPT is studied. A new algorithm of simultaneous strategies for data reconciliation and gross error detection is proposed. Here the objective function that is constructed using maximum likelihood principle and joint distribution function is minimized. Efficient algorithm is developed which exploited the nonlinear lease-square structure of this objective function.

仿真结果表明了算法的有效性；●深入研究了在线优化中的一个关键问题——稳态数据处理问题，用基于组合概率分布的目标函数联立求解粗劣误差检测和数据调和问题；以精馏塔在线优化的数据处理和模型修正为例，提出一种根据模型方程对参数的依赖性进行过程模型分解的分层策略，可以将数据调和和参数估计统一在数据处理的大框架中，为进一步的过程性能分析、操作状况评价以及在线优化提供可靠的基准，具有非常重要的工程应用价值；●将优化命题的形式扩展到更通用的形式。

We focus on a special case of blind identification and signal separation—separation of a Gaussian AR process and a white Gaussian noise. After summarizing and analyzing its maximum likelihood solution in frequency domain, we develop a new ML method based on prediction error method.

四、针对一类特殊的信号分离问题——高斯AR过程与高斯白噪声的盲分离与参数估计，系统地分析和归纳了该类问题的最大似然解决方法，在此基础上基于预测误差方法，给出了一种新的最大似然解决方法。

You also get your sample mean, the standard deviation ( this is the estimated standard deviation ), and the estimated standard error of the mean.

你也能获得你的样本平均值，标准偏差，和平均值的估计误差。

We characterize performance by the expected mean squared error in steady state.

我们通过稳态的均方误差确定了该估计量的效果。

Computer simulations show that the scheme proposed increases the transmission efficiency, and at the same time, can obtain lower error bit rate and mean square error of channel estimation than conventional OFDM systems with relative low complexity.

仿真实验表明，该策略可提高传输效率、增强系统的抗噪性能、获得比传统OFDM系统更低的信道估计均方误差和误码率，且具有较低的计算复杂度。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。