误差

The relation between mean square error and the characteristics of the measurement system is derived.

推导了动态测量的均方误差与测量信号和仪器特性的关系，明确了动态测量误差的各种成分，动态测量误差与静态测量误差的区别及联系。

For computation the truncation error of scheme and accumulation of truncation error are analyzed.

本文从截断误差和截断误差传播的角度分析了计算总误差，并提出了误差累积模式。

According to the definition of the relative error, the incorrect expression of the maximum relative error is corrected. The author analyses the distinction between the maximum relative error and the practical relative error.

根据相对误差的定义，纠正了教材中测量值的最大相对误差表达式中的错误，分析了最大相对误差和实际相对误差的异同。

On the basis of direct modelling method by using extended Kalman filter, a new method combining extended Kalman filter with adaptive extended Kalman filter is presented to model gyro drift directly from rotate angle of turntable. Extended Kalman filter has great estimation error, what is more, may be divergent if the model and noise statistic are not accurate or wrong. The new method solves the problem of general extended Kalman filter by using fictious noise with timevarying statistic to compensate the linearized model error of extended Kalman filter. The parameter estimators of single-axis and double-axis servo test are designed from it.

本文深入研究了根据伺服试验数据进行陀螺仪漂移误差模型建模的方法，在应用广义Kalman滤波器直接建模的方法基础上，针对广义Kalman滤波器对于不精确或错误的模型和噪声统计，估计误差较大，甚至滤波发散的缺陷，借助于用带时变噪声统计的虚拟噪声补偿广义Kalman滤波的线性化模型误差的新思想，提出了用广义Kalman滤波和自适应广义Kalman滤波算法相结合的方法由转台的转角数据直接建模陀螺仪漂移误差模型，并设计了陀螺仪单轴伺服和双轴伺服测试时参数估计的滤波器。

The estimation errors, including the finite difference approximation error, the instrumentation channel mismatch error, and the error caused by ambient noise, are studied systematically.

文中基于声信号的空间互谱分析，给出了声强向量阵的定向原理，并系统分析了其定向误差，包括有限差分误差、通道失配误差和环境噪声引起的误差。

It can be used to calculate positioning error related to baseline error and observation error. It can also be used to calculate convergent area and unstable area with given GIB network.

并以此详细推导了水面基线误差、网形对定位结果的误差分析公式和距离观测误差对定位结果的误差分析公式。

Meanwhile, it makes it difficult to apply angle conversion system to practical goniometry curcuit. The paper makes improvement on the fast following-up conversion and proposes a high-precision dynamic goniometer system and a nonlinear high-speed following-up conversion mode based on inductosyn. It analyses the causes contributing to the error and deduces the expression bf the basic goniometry errors caused by output signal inaccuracy, and also puts forward the bounds on error of axis-to-angle converting.

对快速跟踪型轴角转换方法进行了改进，提出了一种基于感应同步器的高精度动态侧角系统及非线性快速跟踪型转换方式，分析了产生轴角转换误差的主要原因，推导出由输出信号误差引起的基本测角误差表达式，并提出了轴角转换的误差界。

At last, we gets the coefficients of rectifying curve ploynomial through the curves fitting of three order Hermite interpolation polynomial, second order interpolation polynomial, and presents a fitting methods of small current working.

本文对高压电动机测量用电流互感器在小电流工作时电流比值误差和角度误差进行了研究，通过对引起误差的各参数的深入分析，得到误差与电流的关系，并通过三次Hermite 多项式插值法、二次多项式插值法的曲线拟合，得到曲线多项式的各系数，提出一种小电流工作时的拟合方法。

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

Meanwhile , the measurement error of contact angles caused by the measurement error of droplet height , the bottom diameter of droplet and the turning error of protractor were discussed : Verification experiments were performed and the results obtained are coincident with the theory . Finally , hypsometry is proved to be more precise , faster and more convenient .

从理论上对这2种液滴角度测量法的测量原理和测量误差进行比较分析，分别讨论了液滴高度，底端直径的量取误差和量角器转动误差产生的接触角测量误差，并用实验进行验证，这些实验结论和理论相符，最后证实量高法更准确，快捷，方便。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。