语音学的

Articulatory phonetics -the study of production of speech sounds.

发音语音学：研究语音的产生。

Articulatory phonetics is the primary concern in linguistics.

发音语音学是主要的关注语言学。

Traditionally, Chinese phonetics study focused on tonetics, crambo and tone of speech with neglect to the study of Chinese rhythm, thus failed to fully describe the entire Chinese voice system.

由于我们的语音学研究一向偏重于声、韵、调，而忽略了汉语节律的研究，这使以往的汉语语音学不可能对整个汉语音系作出全面描写。

This dissertation is both a phonetic study and a phonological study on the tones and disyllable words tone sandhis of the Shanghai...

本论文对上海方言声调和变调模式进行语音学和音系学两方面的研究，而音系学研究建立在语音学研究的基础上。

This dissertation is both a phonetic study and a phonological study on the tones and disyllable words tone sandhis of the Shanghai dialect.

本论文对上海方言声调和变调模式进行语音学和音系学两方面的研究，而音系学研究建立在语音学研究的基础上。

This thesis attempts to give a detailed phonological study of tones in Xiangtan dialect based on acoustic data.

本文采用实验语音学的方法以及最新的语言学理论优选论对湘潭方言的声调进行了详细的描述和分析。

The dissertation contains three chapters: Chapter One Phonetic Study On Tones and Tone Sandhis At first, the author introduces the traditional dialectological description and analysis on the tones and tone sandhis of the Shanghai dialect.

先介绍传统方言学对上海方言声调的描写与分析，再用现代语音学的方法，对上海方言的单音节声调和两类双音节连读变调的声学特性（基频F0和时长）作出描写和分析。

According to the degrees of PSC they have,Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are classified into four stages as elementary ,intermediate ,intermediate-advanced and advanced.Then the phonologies of Standard Mandarin and Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are compared in order to find out the phonological differences between these two dialects. Based on the statistical results, the writer chooses ten typical kinds of pronunciation errors of finals according to the rates of pronunciation errors of finals on stages.Then, the phonetic level analysis is made on them for the four stages respectively. Furthermore, acoustic features of vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs and vowels with nasal endings are analysized and compared by plotting vowel charts and formant patterns for them. Finally, the writer gets some preliminary results of the typical pronunciation errors of finals during the whole process of Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage and on the stages of it respectively.

本文结合当前这种实际研究和应用的需要，以上海地区普通话过渡语为考察对象，从韵母发音偏误入手，借鉴第二语言习得研究中偏误分析和中介语研究的相关理论，采用实验语音学的方法，随机选取了80位上海地区不同普通话水平等级的应试人的应试录音和试卷作为本研究使用的语料，并将其分别对应于上海地区普通话过渡语的四个阶段，重点考察这80位处于不同阶段的应试人在测试的读单字部分的韵母发音偏误现象，通过对各阶段所有应试人的各类韵母发音偏误出现率的统计分析，展示出上海地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面产生的偏误在过渡语各个阶段上的分布特点及趋势；再根据各阶段各韵母发音偏误率的统计结果，选取各阶段共同具有的十类主要的韵母发音偏误，分别绘制过渡语各阶段的偏误音声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图，并与标准普通话中相应韵母的声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图进行比较，从而展示出上海地区普通话学习者的主要韵母偏误类型在过渡语不同阶段上各自的声学特征、偏离标准音的程度和相关趋势，并从一定程度上反映了这一地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面的能力发展轨迹，为普通话教学及培训中如何提高教学效率问题提供一定的参考依据，也为普通话水平测试各等级标准声学特征的建立，乃至为将来测试的计算机化提供了可靠的声学参数。

Allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.

语素变体语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s 在 cats 中，z 在 dogs 中，语素变体，语素的一种变体形式，中都是英语复数语素的语素变体。

Besides, the author reaches a conclusion that the tone sandhis of the so-called Narrow Type does not exist on the basis of phonetic experimental analyses.

同时，对以往方言学的&窄用式&这一概念作语音学的实验考察分析，得出此概念不存在的结论。论文共分三章：第一章：上海方言声调的实验研究。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。