语言知识

After an overview of translatability study both inside and outside the country, the thesis argues convincingly for translatability from three perspectives: firstly, as language has the capacity to describe both known and unknown things, the denial of translatability presupposes a denial of various languages' potentiality to express the inexpressible; secondly, untranslatability is due to the lack of knowledge on the part of the translator, and so untranslatability is indeed "unknowability"; lastly, untranslatability arises because of the difficulty in translation, and the so-called untranslatability is actually the loss incurred in translation.

本文在梳理了国内与国外关于可译性的观点的基础上，从三个方面论证了翻译的可行性：语言的本质是描述已知或未知的事物，否认翻译的可行性在本质上否定语言具有表达描述未知事物的能力；其次，不可译源自于译者的知识和能力的有限，不可译其实是不可知；第三部分对主要的不可译观点进行了理论剖析，提出不能因为翻译难就将其归为不可译。

Objective:This study deals with the diagnosis of cervicobrachial and lumbodynia disease,By adopting Foxpro database and Prolog Languase, disease informatin is compiled to the form applicable to computer language and programme compilation,the cases of disease can be obtained in the process of puting in case of disease ,the differential diagnosis information is entered into database and compiled to different codes at knowledge base ,deduction diagnosis can be achieved through the code conversion and compariso...

颈腰疾病微机专家诊断系统王加宽俞立平乔闯缪天英摘要目的：研究颈腰疾病的计算机诊断。方法：采用Foxpro数据库和Prolog语言将疾病的资料编写成适合计算机语言和程序编写的格式，在病案录入过程中完成病案的获取，将疾病的鉴别诊断资料输入数据库并编写成不同的点击下列相关研究机构和相关文献作者，可以直接查到这些机构和作者被《中国知识资源总库》收录的其它文献，使您全面了解该机构和该作者的研究动态和历史。

The study of word association makes it possible to reveal the cultural knowledge and assumptions that have been accommodated into peoples cognitive schemata; therefore, it proves that words which equal in two languages denotatively but differ connotatively are the result of different schemata developed in different cultures and encoded in different languages.

词汇联想实验有助于揭示构成人们认知图式的文化知识和文化预设，从而证明具有相同指称意义的词汇在不同的语言中内涵意义不同是由于不同的文化构造了不同的认知图式，而这些文化图式又潜藏在语言深层，成为影响人们观念、情感、审美以及其他行为的无形力量。

MFN means that imports from a country are dutied at a rate no higher than imports from any other country—in practice, at the lowest rate generally available under the tariff laws.

这些准则体现在语言、手势、表情、习俗或日常规范里，是我们成长过程中人人都能获得的知识，与我们讲的语言或接受的信仰一样，也是我们文化的一部分。

Pragmatic presupposition determines the choice of information focus and its position in a sentence,organizes the discourse into a coherent whole,concise,clear and smooth,and achieves the expected stylistic effects.in college english teaching,if teachers teach the knowledge about pragmatic presupposition in listening teaching,introduce the frequently-seen patterns of presupposition, increase the presuppositional sensitivity of students to certain words and structures,guide students to use the theory on presuppositional information to make forecasts on base of written listening material,listen purposefully,and get rid of the distraction of the minor and redundant information,the ability of students to obtain major information and linguistic inference will be strengthened and their listening competence will improve remarkably.george yule divided presuppositional triggers into factive presupposition,non-factive presupposition,counter-factive presupposition,existential presupposition,lexical presupposition and structural presupposition.presuppositional triggers are helpful for us to understand the true intention of the speaker or writer.in college english reading teaching,if teachers introduce the discourse organizing function of pragmatic presupposition and the relevant presupposition triggers,and teach students to use these triggers to communicate with the writer,the comprehension competence of students will be greatly enhanced.the essential function of presupposition is to build a framework for the further development of discourse.in college english writing teaching,teachers can use the theory on pragmatic presupposition to construct a handy training program for textual organization,increase the textual coherence, economy and structural perfection of the english writings by students.in college english translation teaching,teachers should focus on developing the pragmatic presuppositional thinking of students,enable them to grasp the presupposed information in source text / speech exactly,understand the original thoroughly,correctly reorganize and reproduce the pragmatic presuppositions in the target language,carry out the functional equivalence in translation and successfully realize the smooth and accurate communication.with the instruction of pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,the complete understanding and integral acquisition of english and chinese of students will come true.in conclusion,to implement the curriculum requirements for college english teaching promulgated by the ministry of education of china,we should emphasize the instruction of the theory on pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,carry it through from beginning to end.it's one of the important means to realize the college english teaching reform, improve the effects of college english teaching,strengthenr the practical and integrative language abilities of students,in order to cultivate the compound talents to adapt to the global integration and meet the requirements of the reform and opening in china.

在大学英语教学中，教师将语用预设知识贯穿于听力教学过程中，讲授一些常出现的预设类型，提高学生对一些特定的词语和结构的预设敏感度，引导学生运用预设信息理论对听力文字材料进行预测，有的放矢，排除次要、冗余信息的干扰，增强获取主要信息的能力和语言推理能力，从而提。。。更多高学生的听力理解水平。george yule将预设触发语分为事实预设、非事实预设、反事实预设、存在预设、词汇预设和结构预设，触发语有助于我们在阅读当中理解作者的真正用意。在大学英语阅读教学中，介绍语用预设的语篇组织功能和有关的预设触发语，并利用触发语来与作者进行交流，会极大地提高阅读理解能力。预设的基本功能就是为语篇的进一步发展建立一个框架。利用语用预设理论可以为大学英语写作教学构建一个易于操作的篇章组织训练方法，提高学生英语写作的语篇连贯性，经济性和结构优化。在大学英语翻译教学中，注重培养学生的语用预设思维，准确把握源语的前提信息，透彻理解原文，使语用预设在目的语中正确重组和再现，实现翻译的功能对等，交际的流畅性和准确性，并增强学生对英汉双语的全面性认识和整体性习得。综上所述，为更好地贯彻和实施教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》，在大学英语教学中重视语用预设理论的传授，使语用预设贯穿于大学英语教学的始终，是实现大学英语教学改革的重要手段，改善大学英语教学效果，增强学生的实用综合语言能力，培养符合全球一体化趋势，适应改革开放要求的复合型人才。

On the basis of the predecessors' research of the secretary language and the subject knowledge of grammatics and pragmatics, the author plot the article systematically using dynamic language communication as its main clue.

文章是在吸纳前人关于秘书语言与挡驾工作的研究成果并紧密结合语法学、语用学等学科知识的基础上，以动态的语言交际为主线进行系统构思、深入挖掘而成。

While intralingual error is caused by the faulty or partial learning of one item of the TL upon another.

语内错误主要是学习者在第二语言的学习过程中根据已获得的有限的，不完整的目的语的知识，对该语言做出不正确的假设，从而类推出偏离规则的结构。

Being fluent in a mother tongue allows one to develop metalinguistic skills (i.e., unconscious knowledge of language properties and fundamental rules) that can be transferred onto subsequent languages.

流利地使用母语能够使人发展元语言学的技能（如关于语言特征和基本规则的无意识知识），而这些技能有助于其他语言的学习和掌握。

One of the most momentous sociocultural changes over the last few centuries has been the emergence of the modern nation-state.

无论语言还是文化，都不是匀质的范畴，有关语言和文化的知识都会反映社会分野。

The settled factor that forms the speechcraft is the capability, which could change the thoughts, reins, knowledge into a language modality;the ability of observing, thinking, recollection, the controlling of mentality are the assistant factors that structure the speechcraft to the ideological operators, and their internal culture as the politics, culture, language, character, disposition are the potential limit factor ...

口语内容所包含的思想、感情、知识及将这些内容转化为外部语言形式的能力是口才构成的决定要素；思想政治工作者的观察能力、思维能力、记忆能力、心理控制能力是构成口才的辅助要素，而思想政治工作者的政治、文化、语言、性格、气质等内在修养，则是口才构成的潜在制约要素。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。