语言学

The history of linguistics is the first comparative linguistics, Chinese learning as the historical comparative linguistics (historical comparative linguistics).

最初的历史语言学是比较语言学，中文习称为历史比较语言学（historical comparative linguistics）。

Influential theories, notions and techniques developed in the Western tradition have been introduced into the studies of the Chinese language since the late 19th century, as represented by the works of Ma Jianzhong, Klas Bernhard Johannes Karlgren, Chao Yuen Ren and Lü Shu- xiang, and have since formed an integral part of modern Chinese linguistics.

1988年底，《国外语言学》编辑部在北京槐树岭举办第二届编辑工作研讨会，会议主题是"国外语言学理论与方法应用于汉语的成果、动态和设想"。与会者就该主题进行了热烈地讨论，会上提出的一些观点，学界后来屡有述评。十七年过去了，中国的语言学研究又取得了长足的进步，《国外语言学》也改名为《当代语言学》。

Since 1970s foreign linguists in the fields of neurolinguisitics, clinical linguistics, psycholinguistics, and cognitive linguistics, had started the investigation into the linguistical characteristics of stuttering.

从70年代开始国外已经有语言学家对口吃的语言学特征进行分析研究，所涉及的学科包括神经语言学、病理语言学、心理语言学以及认知语言学等。

It was originally associated with behavourist acquisition theory and structural linguistics.

它最初与行为主义的习得理论和结构主义的语言学紧密相连，如今人们已从应用语言学、心理语言学、和社会语言学的角度对它有了更新、更全面的认识。

This paper summarizes the three development stages in the modern linguistics-the historical linguistics、the structural linguistics and the TG grammar.

20世纪语言学发展经历了三个主要阶段－即历史比较语言学、结构主义语言学和转换生成语言学阶段。

Linguistics, biolinguistics,clinical linguistics, computational linguistics, critical linguistics, educational linguistics, ethnolinguistics, institutional linguistics, mathematical linguistics, neurolinguistics, philosophical linguistics, psycholinguistics, quantitative linguistics, sociolinguistics,statistical linguistics,还有 geolinguistics

等。我们认为这些学科名称依次译为下列中译名比较好：人类语言学、生物语言学、病理语言学、计算语言学、批评语言学、教育语言学、人类文化语言学、行业语言学、数理语言学、神经语言学、哲理语言学、心理语言学、数量语言学、社会语言学、统计语言学、地缘语言学。

From the cognitive perspective, this part also examines the logic evidence for discriminating metalanguage and object language. Additionally, tracing back to its origin, the metalinguistic theory can be divided into the formalized and the one of natural language As a conclusion, this chapter will point out three orientations to the study of linguistic metalanguage The second chapter tries to retrospect to the origin of the theory and find the prototype for the pairs of metalanguage and object language, on which according to this chapter, modern mathematics and modern logic have key effects. In fact, mathematician, philosopher and logician B Russell and G. Frege discriminated metalanguage from object language.

作为方法论原则的元语言理论》是一篇着重从方法论原则的角度探讨元语言理论的博士学位论文，本文在现代语言学和语言学史的理论和方法指导下，通过对元语言这一现代哲学、现代语言学共同关注的重大课题的梳理，旨在系统阐释哲学和语言学领域的元语言的概念、特性和内容，明确哲学和语言学的元语言理论之间的关联与分野，真正把元语言和对象语言这一对范畴纳入语言学研究视野，从形式研究、功能研究和语用的角度阐述其方法论的意义和内容，并将这一方法论原则运用到汉语修辞现象分析中，提出&元语辞格&说。

What is less well known, however, is his contribution to psycholinguistics: His transformational generative grammar theory shaped studies in experimental psycholinguistics of the first ten years; his universal grammar theory enriched language acquisition theories and even today has a lot of followers.

他的转换语法理论塑造了实验心理语言学头十年的研究；他的普遍语法理论丰富了语言习得理论，至今仍有大批追随者。乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献不仅在于他的语言学理论，还在于他对语言心理学早期研究的批判，以及他关于语言学和心理学的关系的理论。

In the late 1960s, with general linguistics, psychology, cognitive linguistics and the development of cognitive psychology, foreign language learners learning strategies of applied linguistics research has gradually become a research hotspot.

20世纪60年代末，随着普通语言学、心理语言学、认知语言学以及认知心理学的发展，外语学习者的学习策略的研究逐步成为应用语言学研究的热点。

It also plays an important role in other fields,such as text linguistics,sociolinguistics and cognitive linguistics.

随着语境研究的发展，语境已经越出了普通语言学的范畴，在其它领域中也扮演着重要的角色，如语篇语言学、社会语言学和认知语言学等。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。