语法

This article emphasizes that this logical conjunction belongs to the cause and effect sentence pattern on grammar, and so finds out the relation between the premiss and the conclusion in Aristotle's syllogism. Finally, we get a conclusion: Aristotelian logical theory not only origins from but also surpasses his grammar study.

本文重点讨论了"如果…那么…"在语法中的类属问题，并由此引伸出亚里士多德三段论前提与结论之间的关系，最后得出结论：他的逻辑学说是立足于语法又高于语法的。

There are many grammar cohesion means, such as: time relater, place relater, reference, substitution, ellipsis, tense and aspect.

语法衔接是指利用语法手段使句际和句组之间达到上下文衔接的日的，主要的语法手段有：照应、替代、省略，时和体、排比结构。

Semicolon problem comes out from Ecmascript standard inner tube actually, the context that inserted semicolon principle automatically in Es standard to break grammar has nothing to do quality, so implementation rises very troublesome have 3 kinds of means of settlements: 1, completely handwritten Parser2, modification grammar (in regarding terminative Fu Fang as to enter generation type line feed accord with), this kind of method is the most troublesome 3, modification ParserGenerator produces a mistake to restore code, whether is be being judged when encountering solecism caused in the absense of semicolon, whether to if be,satisfy in judgement insert semicolon principle (if encounter right big bracket or line feed) it is the most convenient that implementation of the 3rd kind of method rises, but the Parser support mistake that needs ParserGenerator generation restores.

分号问题其实是从Ecmascript标准里带出来的，es标准中的自动插入分号原则打破了语法的上下文无关性，所以实现起来很麻烦有三种解决方法：1，完全手写Parser2，修改语法（把换行符作为终结符放入产生式中），这种办法最麻烦3，修改ParserGenerator产生错误恢复代码，在遇到语法错误时判断是否是由于缺少分号引起的，如果是在判断是否满足插入分号原则（如遇到右大括号或者换行）第三种办法实现起来是最方便的，但是需要ParserGenerator产生的Parser支持错误恢复。

However, like traditional grammars, structuralist grammar still focuses on the grammatical structures of a language.

然而，跟传统语法一样，结构主义语法关注的焦点仍然是语言的语法结构。

Chapter One of this dissertation deals with the UG theory, the logical problems of language acquisition and three hypotheses concerning the role of UG in L2 acquisition; Chapter Two interprets English and Chinese wh-questions, wh-movement as well as the principles of Subjacency and the ECP; Chapter Three reviews the main studies on wh-movement constraint in L2 acquisition in the past two decades; Chapter Four concerns the research methodology adopted in this study; Chapter Five involves collection, analysis and discussion of the data obtained in the GJ Task; Chapter Six is the conclusions.

等等。本文的第一章主要介绍普遍语法理论、普遍语法和二语习得的关系以及前人对普遍语法可及性的三种假设；第二章解释英语和汉语特殊疑问句、疑问词移动以及界限原则和空语类原则规律；第三章回顾前人对母语为汉语的人习得英语时对疑问词移动限制的可及性研究并提出本次研究的假设；第四章主要介绍本次研究的方法；第五章主要涉及研究中的数据收集、分析和讨论；第六章是研究的结论。

Based on the obtained data and evidence, this research project draws the following conclusions: Chinese L2 learners of English are sensitive to Subjacency and the ECP, thus sensitive to UG; Chinese L2 learners'sensitivities to different constraints are different; Chinese L2 learners tend to reject a lower rate of the sentences with both Subjacency and the ECP violations than those with only Subjacency violation; and there is no significant difference in L2 learners'sensitivity to UG as far as the learners'starting age of learning a L2 is concerned.

通过对调查所得数据的统计和分析，研究者发现：中国人习得英语时对普遍语法是可及的，他们对疑问词移动的不同限制的可及程度不尽相同。研究者还发现，母语为汉语的英语习得者，判断只违反界限原则的句子和判断既违反界限原则又违反空语类原则的句子语法是否正确时，对只违反界限原则的句子判断的正确率更高些。关于开始习得二语的年龄与普遍语法的关系问题，研究者并没有发现两者之间存在着必然的联系。

During reading process, the traditional Transformational-Generative approach doesn't make a guarantee for the understandable input, but Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar examines the text from the truth of language function.

在阅读过程中，传统转换生成语法所强调的词句的作用并不能保证对篇章的理解，而韩礼德的系统功能语法可以从语言的实质入手，运用功能语法的核心思想之一的纯理功能对篇章展开分析。

In this dissertation, We select You sentence pattern to do some research, under the guidance of three-dimensions grammar, valency grammar, case grammar and speech act theory, try our best to do more comprehensive analysis and description of You sentence pattern.

本文选定"由"字句作为研究对象，在三维语法、配价语法、格语法、言语行为等现代语言学理论与方法的指导下，力求对"由"字句作比较全面的分析和描写。

In the aspect of the Philosophy of Language, Montague Grammar inherited Frege's theory of meaning, Russell's theory of reference, Carnap's theory of verification, Goodman's Modern Realism, Tarski's theory of truth, Kripke's semantics of possible worlds of modal logic, etc, and opens up a new direction in the study of Formal Semantics of natural language; in the aspect of Theoretic Linguistics, Montague was influenced by Chomsky's research idea about the formal treatment of the syntax in natural language and extended it to the semantic study of natural language; Montague Grammar has two theoretic sources: One is the Logical Semantics and Intensional Type Theory in Logic, and the other is Categorial Grammar and Transformative Generative Grammar in Linguistics.

在语言哲学方面它继承了弗雷格的意义论，罗素的指称论，卡尔纳曾的实证主义，古德曼的现代实在论，塔斯基的语义学真理论，克里普克的模态逻辑可能世界语义学的传统，开辟了自然语言形式语义学研究的新方向；在理论语言学方面，他受乔姆斯基形式化语言研究思想的影响，并把这一思想扩展到自然语言的语义研究方面；蒙太格语法的理论来源有两个方面：逻辑方面是逻辑语义学思想和内涵类型论理论，语言学方面是范畴语法和转换生成语法。

First, some researchers still put emphasis on grammatical descriptions of the evidential systems in some highly-inflectional languages. Second, the researches seem to be confined to the lexis and clausal level, and the study of evidentiality at discourse and genre level is much less than enough. In addition, the review of the research on English RAs has shown that few systematic researches on evidentiality in academic discourse have been conducted. Third, there are few researches on what evidentiality can do for language users and especially on the interpersonal functions of evidentiality.

目前的言据性研究主要集中于以下几个方面：1有些研究者仍然把重点放在一些屈折性语言的据素的语法描写上，而这种语法描写只是问题的一个方面，而且对于英语这样非屈折性语言，对据素的语法描写似乎并没有实际意义。2对言据性的研究大多都还停留在词汇和句子层面，在语篇和语类的层面的研究并不充分，尤其对学术语篇中言据性系统性的研究寥寥。3对言据性在语篇中的人际功能的研究很少。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。