语法

It separated 3-D space, 2-D space, temporal space and abstract space (focused on the first 3). 3-D space/2-D space belong to the same category in syntactic model; but 2-D space/ temporal space /abstract space share the same category when we talked about how to confirm the spatial direction. 2. It investigated a spatial system proposed by Mr. Qi Huyang, and argued that there is necessity to modify this system. 3. It enumerated a series of grammatical forms which are involved in the "Spatial System", and pointed out that there exits a relation among these forms: words representing "Spatial and Locative"→ phrases representing "Spatial and Locative"→ sentences representing "Spatial and Locative".

第三章研究"空间系统"的子系统。1、分出立体空间、线性空间、时间和抽象空间几大领域，在句法上，立体空间/线性空间是一类；但在如何确定方向场的问题上，线性空间/时间/抽象空间是一类。2、省视了齐沪扬先生已提出的一个空间系统体系，指出很有改进的必要。3、归纳了"空间系统"所涉及的各种语法形式，并指出它们构成"表示空间方位意义的词→表示空间方位意义的短语→表示空间方位意义的句子"的层次关系。4、辨析各种语法形式的语义域及其语义结构，并考察语法意义与语法形式的对应情况。

In contrast,the theory of generative syntax by Chomskyan school abolishes the unrealistic approach of traditional and structuralism grammar,and eliminates the gap between morphology and syntax.Thus it provides us with a totally new approach to deal with the agglutinative Altaic languages.

以乔姆斯基为代表的生成语法学派理论推翻了传统语法或结构主义语法不切实际的一套东西，摧毁了传统语法在词法和句法之间人为设置的藩篱，为阿尔泰语言的研究开辟了新的道路。

Problems in the Aspectual study of English and Chinese include : there is confusion between Grammatical Aspect and Situation Grammatical Aspect is treated as appendage to the Verb Little consideration has ever been contributed to the oppositeness of the system of Grammatical Aspect and the syntagmatic relations between Markers of Grammatical Aspect have never .

英汉语言中有关体范畴的研究存有下列一些问题：语法体和情状混淆不清，语法体被置于动词的附庸地位；对语法体系统的对立本质特征认识不够深入；特别是对语法体标记之间的横向关系探讨没有上升到理论层次。

To satisfy such social needs, English grammar teaching should shift from tradition, which regards grammar as an isolated, context-free and sentence-based language system, to present-day grammar teaching, which matches form with meaning and function in context, with the expectation of helping learners to achieve their ultimate goal, i.e. to use language appropriately, accurately and fluently in real communication.

为培养这样的人才，英语专业的语法教学应摆脱传统教学法的束缚，把语法与意义和功能结合起来，在一定的语境中去探讨学习语法，以期培养学生的交际能力，达到最终的目标，利用语言在实际的语境下自由、恰当、准确地表达思想，而语境语法教学可能成为实现这一目标的有意尝试。

According to the principle of Combination of grammar form and meaning, this dissertation makes on arrangement about the Zigong dialect grammar phenomenon, to show the basic character and it connection with Putonghua ,by comparision,and analysis, As for the grammar phenomenon, which has enongh materials, this parer makes the full description and girt, some explanation, according to the connected theories, such as the three planes of grammrs, convertable analysis, Semantic drection, Semantic character and so on.

研究始终遵循语法形式与语法意义相结合的原则，通过比较、归纳、分析的方法，对自贡方言语法现象进行了一番梳理，展示了自贡方言的基本特点及其与普通话的种种联系和区别。对一些材料较充分的语法现象，运用三个平面、变换分析、语义指向、语义特征及语义双向选择原则等有关理论和方法进行了较为充分的描写、分析和一定的解释。全文共分为两部分。

Syntactical completeness is only concerned with syntactics. The classical proposition logic systems with the rule of substitution are syntactical complete, while the ones without the rule are not.

语法完全性仅与一个形式系统的语法构造相关，经典命题逻辑的有代入规则的系统是语法完全的，无代入规则的系统不是语法完全的。

Syntactical completeness is only concerned with syntactics. The classical preposition logic systems with the rule of substitution are syntactically complete, while the ones without the rule are not.

语法完全性仅与一个形式系统的语法构造相关，经典命题逻辑的有代入规则的系统是语法完全的，无代入规则的系统不是语法完全的。

The grammatical meaning can be expressed by certain grammatical form. As a kind of grammatical form which expresses grammatical meanings, suprasegmental feature or prosodic feature is the important hint to help understand syntactic construction, semantic structure and pragmatic structure.

语法意义必须通过一定的语法形式表现出来；而语句中的超音段语音表达正是实现语法意义的语法形式之一，是理解句子句法结构、语义结构和语用结构的重要线索。

It is a book of bread-and-butter. We understand that there are so many books about Chinese grammar, which are systematically huge; have numerous and jumbled content; and cockamamie and difficult terms are everywhere. Ordinary learners of Chinese are often terrified by the sight of these books. On the contrary, the learners will be the center of this book. Considering the learners present grammar level, this book explains the grammar rules simply and clearly without difficult terms.

作为一本实用的汉语语法参考书，本书借鉴了以前的一些汉语语法书因体系庞大、内容庞杂、术语繁琐难懂而使一般汉语学习者望而生畏的经验教训，努力做到&以学习者为中心&，充分考虑到他们现有的语法知识水平，在解说语法规律时注意条理清楚，简单明了，深入浅出，基本上不用深奥难懂的语法术语。

With a view to the above issues, an empirical study is conducted using an interview, a questionnaire and a grammar proficiency test to validate the necessity of college English grammar teaching for non-English majors from three dimensions:"teachers' attitudes to grammar teaching","students' attitudes to grammar teaching" and "objective grammar test".

围绕这些问题，笔者通过实证研究的方法，用访谈、问卷以及语法水平考试这三种研究工具从&教师对语法教学的态度&、&学生对语法教学的态度&，以及&客观的语法测试&这三个方面来论证非英语专业大学英语语法教学的必要性。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。