该罚的

This paper presents a notion of airplane-flight pairing assignment cost as the evaluating index, and analyzes three compositions of the costs: flight direct operation cost, flight spill cost and amercement cost, then, educes flight direct operation costaccording to the cost theory lodged by the Air Transportation Association wor.

本文提出飞机-航班节分配成本的概念作为其评估指标，分析该成本的三个组成：航班直接运行成本、航班溢出成本和罚成本，并根据航空运输协会工作组提出的成本理论得出航班直接运行成本，构造旅客溢出的概率模型，引入罚成本的相关系数。

In chapter 2, using the favorable characters of the function Q = ch{x - 1, we construct the hyperbolic cosine penalty function and algorithms and proved its convergence .

在第二章中，我们利用函数Q=ch-1良好的性质，提出一种用双曲余弦函数作罚项的双曲余弦罚函数及算法，证明了该罚函数和算法的合理性及迭代点列的收敛性。

The symbols, the path and its length of NSP are defined and the properties of NSP are studied. The dissimilitude for shortest path of general net and NSP is indicated, and a loop in the NSP shortest path is allowed. A shortest path algorithm based on NSP is proposed. An example of finding the shortest path is presented.

在定义罚转向网络模型的符号、路径及路径长度的基础上，对所建立的罚转向网络模型的性质进行了讨论，指出了该模型中的最短路径允许具有回路，提出了求解从任一节点到其他有向弧和节点的最短路径的一个算法。

If the flagstick is attended or has been removed at the player's request and his ball strike the flagstick or the person attending it, the player shall incur a penalty of two strokes and shall play the ball as it lies.

大意为：如果旗杆是应球员的要求被照看或已经被取出，该球员的球撞击了旗杆或照看旗杆的人，则该球员应被罚二杆并从球所处的位置继续打球。

Through the resolution of the mathematical model using inpoint penalty function method, the optimal process parameters are obtained.

通过内点罚函数法对优化模型的求解，获得了该磨床的最优工艺参数。

A: Under Rule 7-2 the player lost the hole in match play or incurred a penalty of two strokes in stroke play.

答：按照规则7-2，上述那名球员在比洞赛上就输了该洞的比赛，或者在比杆赛上要被罚两杆

If the player fails to place the loose impediment as required, in equity (Rule 1-4), and in view of the purpose of Rule 13-4, he would lose the hole in match play or incur a penalty of two strokes in stroke play.

如果球员没有按要求放置散置障碍物，那本着公正的原则（规则1-4），考虑到规则13-4的意图，球员在比洞赛上就输了该洞的比赛，或者在比杆赛上被罚两杆。

IT IS PUNISHABLE BY U.S.

它由美国是该罚的。

Although the penalty for As lifting of the ball without first marking its position is one stroke, he lost the hole for giving wrong information (Rule 9-2b) when he failed to inform B before he played his next stroke that he had incurred the penalty stroke.

尽管对于A没有先标记球位就捡起球的处罚是一杆，但他因为没有在B打下一杆前通知B他被罚了一杆，给B提供了错误的信息，因此就输了该洞的比赛。

A proper k total colouring of a graph G is a colouring to its vertices and edges using k colours such that no two adjacent or incident elements of G may be assigned the same colour.

利用梯度投影与罚函数相结合的技巧，将带不等式和等式约束的优化问题化成一个无约束问题，提出了初始点可任意的求解不等式、等式约束优化问题的摄动梯度投影算法；参数δk取不同的数还可以得到一类梯度投影算法，从而得出了在搜索方向和步长不精确条件下的梯度投影法，保证了在实际应用中更容易实现；在较弱条件下，证明了该算法的全局收敛性。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。