诡辩

Almost all of the latter were adherents of the Reformation, and though it cannot be said that they were formally and avowedly at conflict with the Casuists, the origin and object of their system were nevertheless essentially different from those of Casuistry.

几乎所有的后一派人都是"宗教改革"的信徒，虽然不能说他们是正式地、公开地和诡辩学派发生冲突，但他们体系的起源和目的显然是和诡辩学派有着本质上的不同的。

Casuist:a person who is expert in or given to casuistry.

诡辩家：擅长或喜欢诡辩的人。

It is not a mere theoretical explanation, but is so replete with juridical and casuistical details that it may be called an inexhaustible fountain for manuals of casuistry.

它不仅仅是一个理论解释，但如此充满法人和诡辩的细节，它可被称为一个取之不尽的源泉手册的诡辩。

Thus in a succession of characters Plato represents the successive stages of morality, beginning with the Athenian gentleman of the olden time, who is followed by the practical man of that day regulating his life by proverbs and saws; to him succeeds the wild generalization of the Sophists, and lastly come the young disciples of the great teacher, who know the sophistical arguments but will not be convinced by them, and desire to go deeper into the nature of things.

这样一来下一个人物柏拉图自然而然就接管了接下来的道德舞台，登台亮相的是一位古代雅典绅士，那是一个严格根据格言和谚语规范其生活方式的旧式的实事求是的男人；他的身上继承了被智者诡辩家们疯狂时代化了的普遍观念，他后来又师从伟大的导师成为年轻的信徒，他深知诡辩的技巧却不与之为伍，更乐意去探求自然界深层的奥秘。

It is evident that a merely casuistical treatment does not come up to the demands of moral theology, and as a matter of fact, during the last decades, the speculative element was more and more insisted on even in works chiefly casuistic.

很明显，只是一个诡辩的待遇不达到要求的道德神学，并作为事实上，在过去几十年中，投机因素是越来越多的坚持即使是在工程主要是诡辩。

If there is question of a purely scientific explanation of moral theology which does not intend to exceed the limits of speculation, then the casuistical element is without doubt speculative, systematic discussion of the questions belonging to moral theology; casuistry then serves only to illustrate the theoretical explanations.

如果有问题，一个纯粹的科学解释的道德神学这并不打算超过限额的猜测，然后诡辩的因素是毫无疑问的投机性，系统性讨论的问题属於道德神学；诡辩然后只能说明理论解释。

What is in reality little more than a bunch of quibbles, anomalies, loose ends and historical puzzles becomes a grand scheme of events, and thus more potent in attracting the gullible or prejudiced.

与事实相差无几的是一连串诡辩、扭曲的事实、零碎的细节和历史的谜团，这些东西正在变成一个庞大各种事件组成的阴谋，更强有力地吸引着诡辩或者偏见。

Almost all of the latter were adherents of the Reformation, and though it cannot be said that they were formally and avowedly at conflict with the Casuists, the origin and object of their system were nevertheless essentially different from those of Casuistry.

几乎所有的后一派人都是&宗教改革&的信徒，虽然不能说他们是正式地、公开地和诡辩学派发生冲突，但他们体系的起源和目的显然是和诡辩学派有着本质上的不同的。

Long has studied some of Epictetus' debts to Socrates elsewhere; here, he treats the connections in their methodologies. Assembling extensive texts and arguments, Long convinces this reader, at least, that Socrates' elenchus was the standard for philosophical practice that Epictetus strove to emulate in his own teaching and research. When doing so, however, Epictetus adapted it to meet the demands of his system.

朗格在其地方已经研究了埃皮科拉图对苏格拉底的借鉴，在这篇文章中，他探讨了两者在方法论上的联系，通过大量的文本和论证，他至少向读者证明了，埃皮科拉图把苏格拉底式的诡辩看成哲学实践活动的标准，并在自己的教学和研究中竭力仿效，在这么做的时候，他改造苏格拉底的诡辩，使之符合自己哲学体系的要求。

At present,some western countries say that the people planning project in our country has infringed upon human rights. The y cut off the connection of things.Some relativists analyze socialism and capitalism indefinitely.Some people negate reform just for blemish;they regard appearance of things as nature of things.

现实中，一些西方国家攻击我们的计划生育政策侵犯人权，用的正是割裂联系的诡辩手法；社会主义与资本主义的&相对主义&分析犯的是似是而非的错误；用改革中的出现的问题全面否定改革是用表面现象掩盖本质的诡辩。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。