话语

It starts from Foucault's key word "historical a priori", and focuses on three qualities of "statement", with a main purpose to explain how his archaeology of knowledge, in order to overcome three pairs of antimony in traditional philosophy, that is, the empirical/the transcendental, the cogito/the unthought, the retreat of origin/the return of origin, combines pure description of discourse with an effort of exploring a priori rules of discursive formation.

文章从"历史先天"这一关键词出发，阐述福柯的知识考古学如何将对话语的实证描述和探索话语构成的先天规则结合起来，从而保证其在对话语的形式分析的同时，超越传统哲学深陷其中的三对矛盾："经验－先验"、"我思－未思"、"本源的隐退－回归"。

They are: conceptual meaning (logical, cognitive, or denotative content), connotative meaning (what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to), social meaning (what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use), affective meaning (what is communicated of the feeling and attitudes of the speaker/writer), reflected meaning (what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression), collocative meaning (what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word), thematic meaning(what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis).

在商务英语创意中常用的联想方式有接近联想、相似联想、对比联想和关系联想四种。合理地运用联想这一心理现象进行商务英语创意可以引起受众的关怀，影响受众的情绪与行为，使商务英语的效果更直接、更显著。从关联与认知语境的视角出发探讨联想在商务英语创意中的运用是有必要的。关联理论认为，话语的关联程度依赖于语境效果和处理努力，语境效果与关联成正比，处理能力与关联成反比。作者把处理努力理解为认知语言环境所消耗的脑力，关联性越强，话语就越直接，认知所耗的脑力越小，给受话者带来的认知负荷就越小；关联性越弱，话语就越隐含，消耗的脑力越大，受话人的认知负荷越大。

Dialectical methodology ; discovery methodology ; reductionistic methodology ; experimental methodology ; literary criticism discourse ; hermeneutic discourse ; close-reading appreciative discourse

辩证方法论；发现方法论；溯因方法论；实验方法论；学理式文论话语；阐释法分析话语；细读法鉴赏话语

Chapter 5, from a cognitive point of view and integrating the analytical points covered in the previous chapters, examines the metaphoric nature of intentional humor which serves in a sub-discourse as ideational and/or interpersonal means of rhetoric under the global discourse of public speaking, with case analyses of such humorous metaphors, standard or non-standard, at the word, sentence, and discourse levels as well as at the meta-level, and with the idea of resemblance proximity to classify humorous metaphors into synecdochic, metonymic and metaphorical types.

第五章从认知语义的角度并结合前三章的分析来讨论公众演说者有意幽默的隐喻性，考察标准和非标准幽默隐喻在词汇、句子、话语层面以及在元层面的表现，并结合演说语料的个案分析考察幽默隐喻作为次话语在演说整体话语中所达到的概念修辞和人际修辞效果。基于隐喻的相似度，本章还将幽默隐喻进一步分类为借代性幽默、换喻性幽默，和隐喻性幽默。

Under the authority of a language that had been carefully expurgated so that it was no longer directly named, sex was taken charge of, tracked down as it were, by a discourse that aimed to allow it no obscurity, no respite.

正是由于罪恶与肉体之间的千丝万缕，语言被仔细清洗为一种典范，性沦落于话语的掌控，不断地被话语追踪，没有丝毫躲藏与喘息的机会。话语就此串联了肉与灵。

After the discourse get rid of the bondage of subject, and when the discourse in face of its own return, it inevitably suffer the threaten of the power. But the microscopic operation way of power causes the power by the creative posture intertwines with discourse mutually. The kind of relation between power and discourse displaying in the literature world represent the literary popular and secularism.

话语在摆脱主体奴役之后，在面向自身回归的过程中不可避免地遭受权力染指其中，而权力的微观运作方式又致使权力以创造性的姿态与话语相互纠结依附在一起，权力和话语的另类关系在文学中表现为文学的大众化和世俗化。

His primary goal to discuss truth is to discriminate constative utterance fromperformative utterance by having truth or falsity,but when he find the distinctionbetween them is not so definite,he see truth or falsity as one dimension of assessmentabout the complex relation between utterance and world,and therefore eliminate itsspecial important place in traditional philosophy.

他讨论真理的目的先是为了以是否有真假为依据而把陈述、断言、描述等记述世界状况的记述话语与施事话语区分开来，而当他发现这种区分的界限并不明确时，他就把真或假看作是对话语和世界间的复杂关系进行评价的维度之一，从而取消了它在传统哲学中的独特重要的地位。

The paper wants to discuss the theoretical sources main ideas, argument, criticism and modern meaning. The research of Ayer's Emotivism can help us to know the emotion in moral sentences and the nature of moral sentences. And the nature of moral sentences is the premise to research Ethics. Ayer's Emotivism can promote some research about virtue ethics.

研究艾耶尔情感主义可以帮助我们认识道德话语中所包含的情感成分，帮助我们认识道德话语的性质，而了解道德话语的性质是我们展开任何有意义、有成效的伦理学研究的一个重要前提，深入了解艾耶尔的情感主义还可以促进美德伦理学的相关研究。

As far as the production,allocation,managing and using of the ideology language areconcerned,the unified value,regulations,and belief system are set upby the state,grassroots and their authorities have the rights ofmanaging and explaining them,while the grassroots mass obtain therights to use them.

在意识形态话语的生产、分配、管辖和使用上，统一的价值、规则和信仰体系是由国家确立的，基层组织及其权威保有对意识形态话语的管理和解释权，群众则拥有对这种话语的使用权。

Under the instruction of Marxism, the essay systematically reviews and rethinks the history of Western journalism and communication theories narration in the certain field of "media, society and culture" with the throughway of consistency of history and logic. It believes the history can be divided into three historic periods, which are liberalism period, social progress and pragmatism period and cultural critical language period.

本文以马克思主义为指导，运用历史与逻辑一致的思想方法，在特定的&媒介、社会和文化&场域中，系统回顾并反思了自十七世纪以来西方新闻传播理论表述的历史，认为从理论表述的&场域性&来看，它可分为三个大的历史连结点，即自由主义话语时期、社会进步与实用主义话语时期和文化批判话语时期。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。