试验设计

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

Regression equal between traction resistance and partial sphere height, bottom circle radium was set up to explore the effect of two evident factors(height and bottom circle radium of the partial sphere) on traction resistance by optimum calculation.

采用二次回归试验设计的方法，建立了球冠高度和球冠底圆半径大小与牵引阻力间的回归方程，进行了优化计算，进一步考察了球冠高度和球冠底圆半径大小两个显著性因素对牵引阻力的影响规律。

This book provides a foundation of experimental design that will be useful to all students pursuing an interest in laboratory research.

这本书提供将对继续对实验室研究的兴趣的全部学生有用的试验设计的基础。

To study technics flow of extracting effective ingredients of Allium Mongolicum Regel by solvent extraction methods by orthogonal experiments design.

用正交试验设计研究了溶剂萃取法提取沙葱有效成分的工艺流程。

a single dose of 300 or 500mg pazufloxacin mesylate sodium chloride injection were administered venoclysisly to ten healthy volunteers in auto cross test; the concentrations of pazufloxacin in serum and urine were detected by hplc. results pazufloxacin was well tolerated.

采用2剂量2周期交叉试验设计。10名健康受试者单剂静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液300、500mg，hplc法测其血清、尿药物浓度。

DESIGN: In a population based birth cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we related dietary patterns in pregnancy, previously identified using principal components analysis ('health conscious', 'traditional', 'processed', 'vegetarian', and 'confectionery'), to: early wheezing phenotypes and eczema; wheezing, hayfever, eczema, doctor-diagnosed asthma, atopy and total IgE at 7 years; lung function and bronchial responsiveness at 8-9 years.

试验设计：在一项基于出生的队列研究（Avon双亲与儿童的纵向研究， ALSPAC）中，通过主成分分析（健康意识；传统饮食；食物加工；素食；糕点），研究怀孕母亲的膳食结构与喘息早期表型和湿疹；喘息、枯草热、湿疹、医生诊断的哮喘、7岁时特应性和总IgE水平；8－9岁时的肺功能和支气管反应性之间的关系。

METHODS: An open, randomized, twoperiod crossover study was conducted in 18 healthy volunteers. Concentrations of gatifloxacin in plasma were assayed by HPLC after a single oral dose of 400 mg of the tested capsules or the referenced tablets. The main pharmacokinetic parameters ［AUC（0-24h）, Cmax and Tmax］ were analyzed by two onesided t test. RESULTS: The concentrationtime curve after medication conformed to onecompartment open model with a first order absorption.

采用双周期随机交叉、自身对照试验设计法，将18例男性健康志愿者随机分为两组，分别单剂量口服甲磺酸加替沙星胶囊400 mg和甲磺酸加替沙星片400 mg，经1 w清洗期后交叉换药，以高效液相色谱法测定受试者服药后血浆中加替沙星的经时浓度，计算加替沙星药动学参数，以双单侧t检验统计法比较两种甲磺酸加替沙星制剂是否具有生物等效性。

In view of the uncertainty of the settlement of the threshold in the heuristic process mining method proposed by Aalst to deal with the noise data in the log, a method of optimization settlement of threshold based on design of experiment analysis was proposed.

针对处理日志中噪音数据的启发式流程挖掘算法中阈值设置的不确定性，提出了基于试验设计的阈值优化设置方法。

The mechanism to remove carbon disulfide in one step was confirmed by the experiment design.

通过无氧、有氧试验设计以及反应产物分析，推断出耦合催化脱除二硫化碳的宏观反应历程，认为二硫化碳的水解是催化耦合过程的控制步骤。

The fragment of F gene covering cleavage site region was amplified by RT-PCR, cloned and compared. Basing on published sequences of representative NDV strains, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyse their variation relation.

第二部分：NDV Sddy-02株F基因的克隆与序列分析本试验设计了一对特异性引物，应用RT-PCR技术扩增出NDV Sddy-02株F基因含裂解位点区363bp片段，同时进行克隆和序列测定分析。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。