诉讼程序

However, our country's procedure of criminal identification at present does not accommodate with our country's criminal litigation system; on the other hand the inherent rule of the procedure is not standard, and a lot of questions have emerged, it has influenced the fairness and authoritativeness of the administration of justice seriously.

然而，我国目前刑事鉴定程序一方面与我国刑事诉讼制度不相适应；另一方面现行刑事鉴定程序的内在规则不规范，并由此产生了很多问题，严重影响了司法的公正性和权威性。程序是正义的基石。

Legal process departmentalism is a conception which maintains that trial process instead of trial judgment should be taken as the starting point and evaluation criteria in the trial activities.

程序本位理念是指在诉讼活动中坚持以诉讼过程，而不是以诉讼结果为出发点和评价标准的理念。

Furthermore, guaranteeing the participance of the parties and the public, strengthening the dependency of the parties of the jurisdiction, and securing the realization of the principle of publicity, by the way of substantiation the process of trial. As a fundamental principle in trial, the principle of concentration definitely influences the hearing structure and the instance structure greatly, while substantiating the process of trial.

作为一项基本的审理原则，集中审理原则在充实庭审程序的同时，必然在审理结构和审级结构上发挥着巨大的作用：从横向上看，集中审理原则使一个充实的、独立的审前准备程序成为必要，以此维持"准备程序+集中审理"这一两阶段审理结构不至于变形；从纵向上看，集中审理原则要求当事人适时提出攻击防御方法，限制当事人在二审提出新的诉讼资料，以此充实第一审程序，减少不必要的上诉，保证整个审级结构不至于头重脚轻失去平衡。

It wants to keep neutrality of the judge, prevent misusing of the accusatorial power and strengthen the accused. At present, almost all of the students consider it as a fundamental principle in criminal proceedings and point out some drawbacks in the trial stage of criminal proceedings in China. But that is not systematic and overall. Meanwhile the historical, relative and theory-to-practice methods were used in the article. On base of studying the historical development and analyzing the meaning and main demands of it, the article come up with many reformatory suggestions for thoroughgoing implementing it according to the drawbacks of criminal proceedings in China: establishing judicial review and letting no-trial judge inspect accusation before the trial, restricting strictly judge's conduct of changing accusation and inspecting out of court, upbuilding partly investigating system, forbidding judge to initiate retrial which is harmful to the accused.

本文运用了历史的、比较的和理论联系实际的方法，从研究控审分离原则的历史沿革入手，深刻剖析了其理论内涵和基本要求，最后针对我国刑事诉讼中存在的不足之处，就彻底贯彻该原则提出了五点改革性意见：确立审前司法审查机制，使程序性裁判主体与控诉主体彻底分离；在公诉审查中，由独立于庭审法官的预审法官对公诉进行实体性审查；在一审程序中，对法院变更起诉以及庭外调查的行为给予严格的限制，防止法院在事实上承担追诉职能；在第二审程序中，废除全面审查原则，代之以部分审查方式；取消人民法院主动提起再审程序的权力，或者至少应当取消法院主动提起不利于被告人的再审程序的权力。

From the viewpoint of history, the certain CA ecology and themainstream ethic habit and moral rules are coordinated: Traditional accusatorial actionecology adapts the ancient society ethic habit; Traditional inquisitorial action ecologyadapts the grade ethic rules.

从历史发展来看，特定的刑事诉讼生态与社会主流伦理习惯和道德准则是协调一致的：弹劾式诉讼生态适应了古代社会伦理习俗的基本要求；而纠问式诉讼生态必然与奉行等级伦理秩序的道德法则相配套；近代刑事程序改革主题就在于体现了古典自然法道德原则对于人性尊严和人的权利自由的充分确认。

The concept of judge's elucidatory authority is a basic rule in the country's civil accusation of continental legal system, which helps to maintain justice of the entity and procedure, improve accusation efficiency, guarantee the accusation right of litigants.

释明权制度是大陆法系国家民事诉讼制度中一项基本制度，其有利于维护实体和程序上的公正，提高诉讼效率，保障当事人的诉讼权利。

That trail grade system of civil litigation is a basic program system of it, which is significant to coning justice of the procedure and tentity.

民事诉讼审级制度是民事诉讼中的一项基本程序制度，对确保裁判程序公正和实体公正意义重大。

Current articles of Civil Procedures Law concerning "pretrial preparation" is "preparation stage", which lack intrinsic impetus of the procedure system, that is launching the parties and other civil litigant participants to actively innerving action and searching the most proper path to solve dispute.

现行的《民事诉讼法》关于&审理前的准备&部分的规定只能说是&准备阶段&，因其缺乏程序制度所特有的发动各方当事人及其他诉讼参与人积极参加诉讼、寻求最适合的解决纠纷、矛盾途径的内在动力，并不能称之为&程序&。

From the development of the adjudicatory supervision procedure and its various measures in civil litigation, we can see there are obvious deferents between the process of re-evaluating and the adjudicatory supervision procedure.

由民事诉讼审判监督程序的历史沿革和各国的立法例可见民事审判监督程序与再审程序是既有联系又有差别的，而在我国这两个程序却混为一体。

The new code makes innovation and development in providing the principle of democracy in criminal procedure and the rights and freedom of citizens that have been fixed in Russian Federal Constitution.Establishment of the Code of Criminal Procedure concerning adversary proceeding mode,exclusive rule of illegal evidence and the particular procedure of confession of the accused,all showed the up—to—date sense of value of Russian legislators.

联邦宪法所确定的公民权利和自由以及刑事诉讼的民主原则在新法典中获得创新与发展，其辩论式诉讼模式、非法证据排除规则和被告人认罪的特别审理程序等项内容的确立，反映出俄罗斯在刑事诉讼价值观念上的重大转变。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。